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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systemic Anatomy
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Anatomy of the organ systems
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Gross Anatomy
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Study of the body without dissection or microscope
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Histology
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the study of tissues
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Cytology
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the study of cells
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Pathological Anatomy
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study of disease progression within the body
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Palpitation
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feeling organs or parts to determine size, shape, density, and conditions of parts
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Auscultation
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listening for the sounds of internal organs by ear or stethoscope
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Percussion
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tapping on the surface to determine condition of underlying structure. High sound = air, low sound = fluid
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Levels of organization
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molecule (biochem) => organelles & cells (cytology) => tissues (histology) => organs (anatomy)
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Totipotent
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The ability of a single cell to divide and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism, including extra-embryonic tissues
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Pluripotent
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A stem cell that has the potential to differentiate into any of the three germ layers:
=> Ectoderm => Endoderm => Mesoderm |
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Multipotent
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Multipotent "progenitor cells" have the potential to give rise to cells from multiple, but a limited number of lineages.
Ex: hematopoietic cell — a blood stem cell can develop into several types of blood cells, but can't develop into brain cells or other types of cells |
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Three germ layers
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Ectoderm: skin, hair, nerves, spinal chord
Mesoderm: muscles, bones, heart, kidneys, blood, gonads Endoderm: throat to rectum and lungs |
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Coelom
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Any fluid filled cavity
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Prokaryotes
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Organism with no cell nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Has 4 components necessary for survival:
- DNA - Ribosomes - Cytoplasm - Plasma Membrane |
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Eukaryotes
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cell whose composed of complex structures enclosed in membranes
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Nucleus
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Holds DNA performs replication and transcription
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Nucleolus
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Ribosomal RNA synthesis and construction of ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Packaging of proteins
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Golgi Apparatus
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applies location signal to packaged proteins; production of carbs
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Ribosome
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translates mRNA into proteins - aka protein production
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Mitochondria
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Supplies energy for the cell, ATP produced in cristae
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Lysosomes
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Janitor of the cell, cleans everything up
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Cell membrane
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Phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic heads on the outside and hydrophobic tails on the inside. Cholesterol helps to maintain integrity and control fluidity of the membrane.
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Membrane proteins
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Serve various functions: signaling receptors, anchors, channels and carriers
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Glycocalyx
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Slimy surrounding area of cellular membrane - aids in cell to cell communication, protection, attachment of cell to extracellular matrix, binding of antigens.
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H & E stain
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Haematoxylin-Eosin: stains bases - pink (cytoplasm & matrix) and acids - blue (nuclei)
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Masons Tri-chrome
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differentiates by staining collagen blue
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GMS
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Gomori-Methanamine silver forms metal deposits, used to identify fungus
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Immunocytochemistry
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secondary antigen that is labeled with flourophore, attaches to primary antigen which attaches to intended molecule of interest
- cheaper |
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Electron Microscope
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- Transmission - similar to light, image in 2D
- Scanning - image transferred to computer/screen much more detailed and in 3D - Fixation of sample (osmium tetroxide, resin, etc) allows for better handling without degradation |
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Chromatin
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a complex of DNA and proteins that fills the nucleus
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Heterochromatin
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Tightly packed DNA that is preparing for transcription, usually covers the inner layer of the nucleus
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Euchromatin
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Loosely packed chromatin that is scattered throughout the center of the nucleus
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