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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fossa
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A depression or hollow in the bone
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Tubercle
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Small rounded outgrowth or point on bone
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Tuberosity
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A projection or protuberance, especially one at the end of a bone for the attachment of a muscle or tendo
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Process
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a projection from a structure
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Sesamoid Bone
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A small round bone formed in a tendon where it passes over a joint
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Condyle
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A rounded prominence at the end of a bone, most often for articulation with another bone
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Where is the clavicle located (which tendon and muscle)?
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In the Clavicular tendon in the brachiocephalicus muscle
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The deltoideus muscle arises/originates from which parts of the scapula?
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The acromion and part of the spine
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The omotransversarius attaches to which part of the scapula?
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The spine
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Which muscles originate from or attach to the spine of the scapula?
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Trapezius, deltoideus, and omotransversarius
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What is the origin of a muscle?
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The most proximal attachment site of a muscle to bone. This site usually moves the least when the muscle contracts.
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What is the insertion of a muscle?
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The more distal attachment site of a muscle. This is the site that moves the most when the muscle contracts. The insertion usually occurs by a tendon or aponeurosis extending from the muscle cells to the bone.
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Which muscle arises from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula?
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Supraspinatus
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Which muscle arises from the infraspinous fossa of the scapula?
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Infraspinous
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Which muscle has its insertion on the serrated face of the scapula?
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Serratus Ventralis
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Which muscle arises from the subscapular fossa of the scapula?
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Subscapularis
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Which muscle attaches to the dorsal border of the scapula?
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Rhomboideus
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Which muscles arise from the infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?
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Teres Minor and the long head of the triceps
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Which muscles arise from the middle third of the caudal border of the scapula?
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Subscapularis and the long head of the triceps
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Which muscle arises from the coracoid process of the scapula?
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Coracobrachialis
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Which muscle arises from the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula?
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Biceps brachii
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The tendon of origin for which muscle is lodged in the intertubercular groove of the humerus?
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Biceps Brachii
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Which muscles have insertions in the greater tubercle of the humerus?
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Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and part of the deep pectoral
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Which muscle attaches to the proximal border of the lesser tubercle of the humerus?
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Subscapularis
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Which muscles attach to the middle third of cranial surface of the body of the humerus?
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Brachiocephalicus and part of the pectorals
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Part of the area of insertion for which muscles is formed on the crest of the greater tubercle of the humerus?
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Pectorals and cleidobrachialis
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Which muscle inserts in the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus?
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Deltoideus
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Which muscle arises from the tricipital line of the humerus?
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The lateral head of the triceps
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Which muscle inserts on the tuberosity of the teres minor of the humerus?
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Teres minor
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Which muscle originates in the proximal part of the brachialis groove of the humerus?
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Brachialis
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Which muscles attach to the lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus?
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Extensor carpi radialis and part of the anconeus
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Which muscles are inserted on the teres major tuberosity?
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The teres major and latissimus dorsi
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Which muscles insert and originate caudally and proximally to the teres major tuberosity?
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The medial head of the triceps inserts and the coracobrachialis inserts
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A hunting dog has chronic weight-bearing lameness of the right forelimb. The elbow is held in abduction and the antebrachium and paw are swung in a lateral arc during the swing phase of the stride. Which muscle is affected and where is it's insertion and origin and what is its action?
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The dog has a contracture of the infraspinatus. It's tendon of insertion is on the greater tubercle of the humerus and it's origin is on the infraspinous fossa of the scapula. Its action is to abduct and externally rotate the shoulder.
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Which muscle separates the proximal regions of the carotid artery and jugular vein in a horse?
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Omohyoideus
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Which thigh muscles do horses ususally receive IM injections in?
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Semimembranosis and semitendinosis
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Median Plane
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The plane that divides the body, limb, or head into equal right and left portions
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Sagittal Plane
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Plane that runs parallel to the medial plane (divides into left and right sections)
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Transverse Plane
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Cuts across the head, body, or limb at a right angle to its long axis or across the long axis of an organ or a part (divides cranial and caudal)
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Dorsal Plane
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Runs at a right angle to the median or sagittal planes and divides the body or head into dorsal and ventral regions
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Radial
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On that side of the forearm (antebrachium) in which the radius is located.
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Ulnar
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On that side of the forearm in which
the ulna is located. |
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Tibial/Fibular
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On the corresponding sides of the leg (crus), the tibial side being medial and the fibular side being lateral.
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Does palmer refer to the front or hind paw? What about plantar?
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Palmer refers to the forelimb/paw and plantar refers to the hindlimb/paw
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Palmar
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The aspect of the forepaw on which
the pads are located—the surface that contacts the ground in the standing animal—and the corresponding surface of the metacarpus and carpus |
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Plantar
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The aspect of the hindpaw on which
the pads are located—the surface that contacts the ground in the standing animal—and the corresponding surface of the metatarsus and tarsus |
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What is the side of the paw/limb that is opposite of the palmar or plantar surface called?
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Dorsal surface
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Axis
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The central line of the body or any of its parts.
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Flexion
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The movement of one bone in relation to another in such a manner that the angle formed at their joint is reduced. Examples: The limb is retracted or folded; the digit is bent; the back is arched dorsally.
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Extension
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The movement of one bone upon
another such that the angle formed at their joint increases. The limb reaches out or is extended; the digit is straightened; the back is straightened |
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What is overextension?
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Extending a bone such that the angle formed at its joint is greater than 180 degrees
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Abbduction
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The movement of a part away from the median plane (away from the body)
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Adduction
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The movement of a part toward
the median plane. |
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Circumduction
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The movement of a part when outlining the surface of a cone (e.g., the arm extended drawing a circle
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Rotation
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The movement of a part around its long axis (e.g., the action of the radius when using a screwdriver)
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Supination
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Lateral rotation of the appendage
so that the palmar or plantar surface of the paw faces medially. |
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Pronation
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Medial rotation of the appendage from the supine position so that the palmar or plantar surface will face the substrate
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Brachium
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Front leg between the shoulder and the elbow
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Antebrachium
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Forearem between elbow and carpus
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Crus
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Hindleg (does not include pelvis)
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Which muscles originate from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
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The common digital extensor, lateral
digital extensor, ulnaris lateralis, and supinator |
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Which ligament attaches to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus?
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The lateral collateral ligament of the elbow
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Which muscle originates from the lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus?
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Extensor carpi radialis
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Which muscle arises from the caudal projection of the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
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The anconeus
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Which muscles originate from the elevated portion of the medial epicondyle of the humerus?
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The flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi
ulnaris, pronator teres, and the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles |
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Which bones compose the os coxae?
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Ilium, ischium, pubis and the acetabulum which is formed by where the first three bones meet
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Which muscles insert in part on the radial tuberosity of the radius?
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biceps brachii and brachialis
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Which ligament attaches proximally to the styloid process of the radius?
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medial collateral ligament
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Which muscles/tendons lie in the three grooves on the cranial surface of the distal extremity of the radius?
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The most medial groove contains the tendon of the abductor digiti I longus. The middle groove is for the extensor carpi radialis.The most lateral groove contains the tendon of the common digital extensor
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The olecranon of the ulna serves as a lever arm for what?
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The extensor muscles of the elbow
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Which muscles attach to the caudal part of the olecranon?
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The triceps brachii, anconeus, and tensor fasciae antebrachii
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Which muscles arise from the medial surface of the olecranon of the ulna?
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The ulnar portions of the flexor carpi ulnaris and deep digital flexor
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Which muscles insert on the ulnar tuberosity of the ulna?
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biceps brachii and the brachialis
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The accessory carpal of the carpus serves as a lever arm for which muscles?
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Some of the flexor muscles of the carpus
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What tendon inserts on the extensor process (located on the rounded dorsal part of the forepaw phalanges)?
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common digital extensor tendon
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What tendon inserts on the flexor tubercle of the forepaw phalanges?
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deep digital flexor tendon
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What largely fills the intermetacarpal
spaces palmar to the metacarpal bones? |
The interosseous muscle
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Which muscles have their point of origin on the cranial ventral iliac spine of the os coxae?
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bellies of the sartorius and a part of the tensor fasciae latae
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What composes the tuber sacrale of the os coxae?
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The cranial and caudal dorsal iliac spines
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What muscles attach to the gluteal surface of the os coxae?
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The middle gluteal and a portion of the deep gluteal
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What muscles attach to the sacropelvic surface of the os coxae?
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iliocostalis, longissimus, and the quadratus lumborum
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What tendon attaches to the medial aspect of the arcuate line of the os coxae?
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tendon of the psoas minor
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What are the components of the ischium?
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tuberosity, body, table, and ramus
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Which ligament attaches to the lateral angles of the ischiatic tuberosity of the os coxae?
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sacrotuberous ligament
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Which muscles originate from the ventral surface of the ischiatic tuberosity of the os coxae?
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biceps femoris, semitendinosus,
and semimembranosus |
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What attaches to the medial surface of the ischiatic tuberosity of the os coxae?
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The crus of the penis and the muscle surrounding it
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What muscle attaches to the ischiatic spine of the os coxae?
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coccygeus
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Which muscle attaches to the lateral surface adjacent to the lesser ischiatic notch of the os coxae?
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Gemelli
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Which muscle originates from the dorsal face of the ischiatic table of the os coxae?
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internal obturator muscle
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Which muscles aris from the ventral surface of the ischiatic table of the os coxae?
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The quadratus femoris and the external obturator
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Ramus
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a branch, such as a branch of a blood vessel or nerve
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Which muscles originate from the
ventral surface of the pubis and adjacent ischial ramus? |
the gracilis, the adductor, and the external obturator
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Which muscles arise from the dorsal surface of the pubis and adjacent ischial ramus?
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a small part of the internal obturator
and the levator ani |
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Where is the obturator sulcus and what is its function?
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It's a groove for the obturator nerve. It is located at the cranial end of the obturator foramen on the os coxae and passes dorsally over the pelvic surface of the body of the os coxae.
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What muscle attaches to the iliopubic eminence?
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pectineus
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Which muscle attaches to the pecten of pubis of the os coxae?
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The abdominal muscles attach by means of a prepubic tendon. The prepubic tendon is composed primarily of the tendons of the paired rectus abdominis and pectineus muscles
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What ligament attaches to the acetabular fossa of the os coxae?
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The ligament of the head of the femur
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What ligament attaches the two sides of the acetabular notch of the os coxae?
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transverse acetabular ligament.
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In a live dog, the obturator foramen of the os coxae is separated by what?
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by the obturator membrane and the external and internal obturator muscles that the membrane separates
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What ligament attaches to the fovea capitis femoris of the femur?
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The ligament of the head of the femur
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What muscles attach to the greater trochanter of the femur?
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the middle gluteal and deep gluteal
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What muscles insert in the trochanteric fossa of the femur?
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gemelli and the external and internal obturators
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What muscle inserts on the lesser trochanter of the femur?
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iliopsoas
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What muscle inserts on the intertrochanteric crest of the femur?
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the quadratus femoris inserts on the crest at the level of the lesser trochanter
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What muscle inserts on the third trochanter of the femur?
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superficial gluteal
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What muscle attaches to the smooth proximal cranial part of the femur?
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The vastus parts of the quadriceps femoris
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What muscle inserts on most of the caudal rough surface of the femur?
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The abbducter
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What muscle attaches to the distal part of the medial lip of the femur?
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pectineus
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What is the patella and where is it found?
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Also known as the kneecap, the patella is a sesamoid bone found in the tendon
of insertion of the large quadriceps femoris that extends the stifle |
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What attaches in the depth of the intercondylar fossa of the femur?
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The cruciate ligaments
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What is the fabella and where is it found?
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A sesamoid bone that are in the tendons of origin of the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle. They rest in a facet on the caudodorsal aspect of each femoral condyle
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What muscles arise from the medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of the femur?
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The gastrocnemii arises from both. The superficial digital flexor arises from the lateral supracondylar tuberosities.
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What ligament attaches to the medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur?
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collateral ligaments of the stifle
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What muscle arises from the lateral epicondyle of the femur?
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popliteus
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What muscles arises from the extensor fossa of the femur?
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long digital extensor
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What muscle inserts just proximal to the medial epicondyle of the femur?
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semimembranosus
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What is the joint between the radius, ulna and proximal carpal bones called?
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Antebrachiocarpal joint
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Where is the middle carpal joint located?
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Between the two rows of carpal bones
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Where is the carpometacarpal joint?
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between the distal carpal bones and the proximal metacarpals
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There are two styloid processes found on the distal bone. Where are they? What does the styloid process do?
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The medial is found on the radius and the lateral on the ulna. The styloid processes articulate with the carpus and allows attachment of ligaments.
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Almost all extensor muscles of the carpus and digital joints originate from which point on which bone?
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Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
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How many carpal bones are there in the horse?
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7-8. In the proximal row of the carpus, there are radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory carpal bones which are always present. In the second row, the 1st carpal bone is present in 33% of horses, and carpal bones 2, 3 & 4 are always present. Very rarely a 5th carpal bone is found, but this is in less than 10% of horses, and is in fact overlooked by much of the literature.
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What is the action of the brachiocephalic muscle? Which muscle antagonises the brachiocephalic muscle in the dog?
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The brachiocephalic muscle advances the limb and extends the shoulder joint when the limb is in motion and it draws the head and neck ventrally when the limb is fixed. The latissumus dorsi muscle anatagonises this by retracting the free limb, flexing the shoulder joint and drawing the trunk forward over the fixed limb.
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Which of the following lack an acromion: cat, dog, horse, cow, pig
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Horse and pig
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What muscle originates from the acromion? What is it's insertion?
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The deltoid muscles originate from the acromion and the length of the scapular spine and they insert on the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus and the fascia of the lateral arm.
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Which muscle utilises the spine of the scapula as a point of attachment?
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The trapezius muscle of the forelimb is a superficial muscle that is found dorsally and runs between both scapulas. The muscle attaches to the spine of each scapula and helps to provide posture to the forelimbs.
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The omotransversarius muscle originates from which bone?
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The origin of the omotransversarius muscle is the transverse process of the atlas bone. The muscle body lies ventrally and caudally to the atlas bone and inserts on the scapula.
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Which muscle inserts on the olecranon? Which muscles protect it?
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The triceps brachii muscle inserts on the olecranon, it is protected by the tricipital bursa against the bone and the subcutaneous bursa against the skin.
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Where are the origins of the two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle?
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The two heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris originate from the caudal medial epicondyle of the humerus and the olecranon process of the ulnar, and insert via the accessory carpal bone onto the carpal and metacarpal bones.
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Which bone is the most prominent landmark during palpation of the carpus of carnivores?
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Accessory carpal bone
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What does the radius articulate with distally?
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Carpus
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Canal
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A tunnel through one or more bones
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Cotyloid
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a deep articular depression
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Crest
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a prominent border or ridge
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Epicondyle
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a prominence just proximal to a condyle
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Facet
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a smooth flat surface
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Fissure
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A narrow, cleft-like opening between adjacent bones
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Foramen
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an opening through a bone
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Fovea
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A shallow, non-articular depression
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Groove
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a long, narrow furrow accommodating a vessel, nerve, or tendon
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Head
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a rounded articular process
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Line
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a ridge less prominent than a crest
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Meatus
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A tube-like canal through a bone
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Notch
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a depression at the edge of a bone
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Spine
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a sharp, slender process
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Trochanter
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a large, blunt process found only on the femur
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Trochlea
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a pulley shaped structure
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