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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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1-24. Which of the following is from the neural crest cells? (may be more than one ) (1 pt)
a. Spinal ganglion b. Melanocytes c. Ependymal cells d. Suprarenal medulla |
a. Spinal ganglion
b. Melanocytes anglion |
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2-24. Which of the following describes the ventricles of the brain? (may be more than one ) (1 pt)
a. they are formed by the gray matter of the CNS b. the mesencephalon primary vesicle becomes the aqueduct c. the prosencephalon primary vesicle becomes the lateral ventricles d. they all contains the choroid plexus |
the mesencephalon primary vesicle becomes the aqueduct
they all contains the choroid plexus |
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This fluid-filled space is separated from the amnion following fusion of the neural tube and closure of neuropores
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ventricular system
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The floor of lateral ventricle and roof of the third and fourth ventricles differentiate to form _____?
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choroid plexus
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choroid plexus performs what function?
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The production of CSF
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3-24. Describe or define the process of neurulation (3 pts)
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Formation in the early embryo of the neural plate and neural folds, followed by it's closure with development of the neural tube.
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4-24. Describe or define the characteristics of spina bifida occulta (3 pts)
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A defect in the bony spinal canal without protrusion of the cord or the meninges.
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5-24. True or False: the dorsal sensory horn is from the alar plate (1 pt)
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True
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6-24. True or False: the cerebral spinal fluid is only produced in the lateral ventricles(1pt)
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False. is formed in the choroid plexus in base of the lateral plexus and the third and 4th ventricles.
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GREY MATTER
1. Anterior horn 2. Posterior horn 3. Grey Commisure WHITE MATTER 4. Anterior funiculus 5. Lateral funiculus 6. Posterior funiculus 7. Anterior commisure 8. Anterior median fissure 9. Posterior median sulcus 10. Central canal 11. Anterior root 12. Posterior Root 13. Dorsal root ganglion |
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Notocord
Neural crest neural groove ectoderm intermediate zone neural tube spinal ganglion Develop begins at 3rd week |
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neurulation - neural plate, folds and groove
Plate thickened ectoderm - neural plate. Primitive streak -> endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm, forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain. |
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Fusion begins in the cervical regions and progresses both ways.
cranial and caudal neuropores still open to amniotic cavity Close off at about 25 and 27 days respectively |
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the neural crest cells (ectoderm) can become?
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*dorsal root neurons: sensory
*melanocytes *Schwann cells *sympathetic ganglion cells *celiac ganglion *renal ganglion *preaortic ganglion *plexus in intestinal tract *chromaffin cells adrenal medulla |
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the neural crest
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Odontoblasts
Glial cells in peripheral ganglia Schwann cells Enteric ganglia Preaortic ganglia Adrenal medulla Dorsal root ganglia Sympathetic chain ganglia Melanocytes |
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Alar plate
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dorsal portion of neural plate-> dorsal or sensory region-> afferent
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Basal plate
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ventral and lateral region-> efferent
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Mantel layer
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neurons and glial cells-> becomes the columns and tracts
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Glial cells
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non-neuronal cells:
Oligodendrocytes: support cells and produce myelin Microglia: immune system for the CNS (Alzheimer's Dx and Parkinson's ) Astrocytes: specialized endothelium blood: brain barrier |
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cord ascent: S1 dorsal root ganglion location at:
3 months? 5 months? Newborn?. |
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The wall of a neural tube is made up of neuroepithelial cells.
Once the neural tube closed the neuroepithelial cells give rise to neuroblasts that will form nerve cells. Neuroblasts collect into a layer called the mantle and hence the grey matter of the cord. The marginal layer contains nerve fibres. |
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what are the types of spina bifida and how do they form?
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failure of fusion of vertebral arches and neural tube
Defective formation of the neural arches may result in formation of a cyst or cele. The cyst = a meningocele if it includes dura and arachnoid only = a menigomyelocele if spinal cord too |
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what type of spins bifida is this?
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SB occulta
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Which spina bifida are these?
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SC inside vertebra: meningocele
Outside vertebra: meningomyelocele |
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What is this condition
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meningohydroencephalocele
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The hindbrain includes?
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medulla, pons
cerebellum, 4th ventricle |
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The Midbrain includes
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cerebral peduncles
substantia nigra, colliculi aqueduct |
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The Forebrain includes
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diencephalon
thalamus, pineal hypothalamus 3rd ventricle telencephalon cerebral hemispheres basal nuclei, corpus callosum, lateral ventricles |
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1-cephalic flexure
2-cervical flexure 3-medulla oblongata 4-pons 5-cerebellum 6-mesencephalon 7-cranial nerves 8-diencephalon 9-optic cup 10-telencephalon 11-telodiencephalic sulcus 12-olfactory bulb 13-pituitary anlage 14-mamillary eminence 15-deep transverse sulcus 16-insula |
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1-cephalic flexure
2-cervical flexure 3-medulla oblongata 4-pons 5-cerebellum 6-mesencephalon 7-cranial nerves 8-diencephalon 9-optic cup 10-telencephalon 11-telodiencephalic sulcus 12-olfactory bulb 13-pituitary anlage 14-mamillary eminence 15-deep transverse sulcus 16-insula |
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what is Cerebral Spinal Fluid?
What is the cycle of CSF? |
fills the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord is secreted by the choroid plexuses
Is replaced four times a day so that the total amount of CSF produced is approximately 450-600ml in 24 hours |
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what is Blood-brain barrier: protection mechanism?
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to decrease chemical variations in the blood supply to the nervous tissue
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what are the 3 main components of the Blood-brain barrier: protection mechanism
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1-continuous endothelium of capillary walls with tight junctions
2-thick basal lamina 3-bulbous feet of astrocytes clinging to the capillaries to modulate the tight junctions |
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The Blood-brain barrier is permeable to?
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fats, fatty acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, fat soluble molecules (alcohol, nicotine, anaesthetics)
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The areas within the brain without the Blood-brain barrier are?
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posterior pituitary
*parts of hypothalamus - for feedback info *floor of 4th ventricle |
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what are the components of the blood brain barrier?
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1-continuous endothelium of capillary walls with tight junctions
2-thick basal lamina 3-bulbous feet of astrocytes clinging to the capillaries to modulate the tight junctions |
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what are the 4 major arteries of the circle of Willis?
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internal carotids,
vertebral arteries -> basilar |
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does the brain have end arteries or anastomoses?
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end arteries (there are non aastomoses)
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1. anterior cerebral artery
2.middle cerebral artery 3. internal carotid artery 4. posterior communicating artery 5. posterior cerebral artery 6. basilar artery 7 vertebral artery |
Sudden occlusion of part of the cerebral artery circle leads to stroke
embolism may result eg dislodging of atherosclerotic plaque,causing acute cronic infarction |
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causes of cerebral vascular incident/ transient ischemic attack.
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Causes:No blood flow to the nervous tissue:
No oxygen No other nutrients ->Ischemia Blockage of the cerebral artery: internal Compression of blood vessel: external |
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structures associated with the circle of Willis
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Optic nerve: CNII
Oculomotor nerve: CNIII Pituitary gland |
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1- internal carotid a
2- vertebral a 3-cavernous sinus 4- carotid canal 5- anterior cerebral a 6- posterior cerebral a |
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the vertebral aa. stems from the _______aa.
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subclavian
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which arteries come off the vertabral aa
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*posterior inferior cerebellar aa
*anterior spinal a. |
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Segmental aa includes?
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*posterior spinal aa
*anterior spinal medullary aa *posterior spinal medullary aa |
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3 post communicating branch
5 ant cerebral artery 6 ant communicating branch 12 = middle cerebral artery 19 striate branches; unnamed large one = posterior cerebral 21 vertebral 23 posterior spinal, 24 anterior spinal, 26 posterior inferior cerebellar arteries; 27 basilar artery; 28 anterior inferior cerebellar 31 superior cerebellar artery |
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What does CN IX affect?
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this has motor to the parotid gland (big salavary gland)
and sensory to posterior oral pharynx, as well as taste of posterior 1/3 of tounge |
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the largest arteries that supply the brain and spinal cord
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Posterior cerebral
Middle cerebral Anterior cerebral |
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1-superior sagittal sinus
2- straight sinus 3- superior ophthalmic vein 4- cavernous sinus 5- transverse sinus 6- sigmoid sinus 7- facial vein 8- vertebral venous plexus |
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1- oculomotor CNIII
2- trochlear CNIV 3- Abducence CNVI 4- trigeminal V1 5- trigeminal V2 6- sympathetic fibers 7- internal carotid a. 8- hypophysis 9- sphenoid bone |
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1-25. Which of the following is characteristic of the blood brain barrier? (may be more than one ) (1 pt)
Includes tight junctions To increase protection to neurons Includes sinusoidal capillaries Includes astrocytes |
Includes tight junctions
To increase protection to neurons |
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2-25. Which of the following describes the basilar artery? (may be more than one ) (1 pt)
Direct branches extend to the middle cerebral artery it gives off pontine branches two anterior spinal arteries come off it it gives rise to the posterior cerebellar artery |
it gives rise to the posterior cerebellar artery
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3-25. Describe or define the problems of occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery (3 pts)
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Cerebral Vascular Accidents Transient Ischemic Attack
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4-25. Describe or define the artery supply to the spinal cord (3 pts)
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Via meninges- aa. within arachnoid matter. Anterior and posterior spinal aa. ->anterior segmental medullary artery
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5-25. True or False: The superior sagittal sinus directly drains into the sigmoid sinus (1 pt)
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False. superior sagittal sinus ->transverse sinus ->sigmoid sinus
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