Anatomy 2 - Head

Front 1

CN I
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 1

Olfactory
Sensory
Cribriform Foramina
Smell

Front 2

CN II
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 2

Optic
Sensory
Optic Canal
Vision

Front 3

CN III
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 3

Oculomotor
Motor
Orbital Fissure
motor to eyeball; parasympathetic pupil constrictor

Front 4

CN IV
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 4

Trochlear
Motor
Orbital Fissure
Motor to dorsal oblique muscle of eyeball

Front 5

CN V
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 5

Trigeminal
Both
three branches:
- mandibular: exits foramen ovale; motor muscle of mastication and sensory to lower jaw
- maxillary: exits round foramen; sensory to upper jaw
- ophthalmic: exits orbital fissure; sensory to frontal and eye region

Front 6

CN VI
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 6

Abducent
Motor
Orbital Fissure
motor to lateral rectus and retractor bulbi mucels of the eyeball

Front 7

CN VII
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 7

Facial
Both
Stylomastoid foramen
facial expression; sensory to rostral 2/3rd of tongue; taste

Front 8

CN VIII
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 8

Vestibulococchlear
Sensory
directly into organs of the petrous temproal bone
hearing and balance

Front 9

CN IX
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 9

Glossopharyngeal
Both
tympano-occipital fissure
sensory to caudal 1/3rd of tongue; taste; motor and sensory to pharynx

Front 10

CN X
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 10

Vagus
Both
tympano-occipital fissure
motor and sensory to pharynx and larynx; parasympathetic innervation to body

Front 11

CN XI
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 11

Spinal Accessory
Motor
tympano-occipital fissure
pharyngeal plexus; motor to some neck muscles

Front 12

CN XII
Name
Sensory, motor or both
Skull Exit
Main function(s)

Back 12

Hypoglossal
Motor
hypoglossal foramen
Motor to tongue

Front 13

Permanent Dental Formula for Pig

Back 13

3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3

Front 14

Permanent Dental Formula for Dog

Back 14

3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 2/3

Front 15

Permanent Dental Formula for Horse

Back 15

3/3, 1/1, 3(4)/3, 3/3

Front 16

Permanent Dental Formula for Ruminant

Back 16

0/3, 0/1, 3/3, 3/3

Front 17

Permanent Dental Formula for Cat

Back 17

3/3, 1/1, 3/2, 1/1

Front 18

maximum amount of DECIDUOUS incisors in domestic mammals

Back 18

3

Front 19

maximum amount of DECIDUOUS canines in domestic mammals

Back 19

1

Front 20

maximum amount of DECIDUOUS premolars in domestic mammals

Back 20

3

Front 21

maximum amount of DECIDUOUS molars in domestic mammals

Back 21

0

Front 22

maximum amount of PERMANENT incisors in domestic mammals

Back 22

3

Front 23

maximum amount of PERMANENT canines in domestic mammals

Back 23

1

Front 24

maximum amount of PERMANENT premolars in domestic mammals

Back 24

4

Front 25

maximum amount of PERMANENT molars in domestic mammals

Back 25

3

Front 26

long-faced

Back 26

dolichocephalic

Front 27

face of regular length

Back 27

mediatocephalic

Front 28

short face

Back 28

brachycephalic

Front 29

what are the three major divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

Back 29

mandibular, maxillary, ophthalmic

Front 30

ophthalmic nerve
skull exit
function

Back 30

orbital fissure
sensory to frontal and eye region

Front 31

maxillary nerve
skull exit
function

Back 31

round foramen
sensory to upper jaw and teeth of the upper jaw

Front 32

mandibular nerve
skull exit
function

Back 32

foramen ovale
motor to muscles of mastication; sensory to lower jaw and teeth of lower jaw

Front 33

what skull feature supports the horn of a ruminant

Back 33

cornual process of the frontal bone

Front 34

the skull feature that makes poll of the ox

Back 34

intercornual protuberance of the frontal bone

Front 35

bony exit for the spinal cord

Back 35

foramen magnum

Front 36

non-articulating features lateral to the foramen magnum

Back 36

paracondylar (jugular) processes of the occipital bone

Front 37

in carnivores, connects the zygomatic process of the frontal bone to the frontal process of the zygomatic bone

Back 37

orbital ligament

Front 38

in which species does the orbital ligament appear? in which species can it undergo ossification?

Back 38

carnivores. Can partially ossify in the cats.

Front 39

location of the external occipital protuberance in the ox

Back 39

parietal bone

Front 40

in the horse and ox, what ligament attaches at the external occipital protuberance?

Back 40

funicular nuchal ligament

Front 41

what comprises the sagittal crest in carnivores?

Back 41

parietal and interparietal bones

Front 42

Rostral divergences of the saggital crests, most prominent in the horse

Back 42

frontal crests

Front 43

What are the three temporal bones?

Back 43

squamous
petrous
tympanic

Front 44

What comprises the caudal half of the zygomatic arch?

Back 44

zygomatic process of the squamous temporal bone

Front 45

site of articulation on the skull of the mandibular condyle

Back 45

mandibular fossa of the squamous temporal bone

Front 46

the articulation of the mandibular condyle and the squamous temporal bone

Back 46

temporomandibular joint

Front 47

the osseous part of the external acoustic meatus and the osseus ear canal

Back 47

tympanic bulla of the typmanic temporal bone

Front 48

on which bone is the mastoid process?

Back 48

petrous temporal bone

Front 49

rod-like mass of bone lying in a depression adjacent to the tympanic bulla

Back 49

point of attachment of the hyoid apparatus

Front 50

the rostral part and the caudal part of the sphenoid bone

Back 50

rostral: presphenoid bone (syringe-shaped)

caudal: basisphenoid (larger)

Front 51

anatomically significant processes from the sphenoid bone

Back 51

alae (wings): project in several directions and make up a portion of the bony orbit, including several foramina

Front 52

rostral extensions of the cribriform plate and foramina

Back 52

turbinate or chonchae bones

Front 53

the space formed by rostral, free part of the nasal bone and the incisive bone

Back 53

nasoincisive fissure

Front 54

bone that bears all of the upper cheek teeth

Back 54

maxillary bones

Front 55

prominent ridge of the maxillary bone in the horse and ox

Back 55

facial crest, which ends rostrally with the facial tuberosity

Front 56

part of the maxillary bone that forms the hard palate

Back 56

palatine process of the maxillary bone

Front 57

bones that form the lateral wall of the internal nares

Back 57

perpendicular parts of the palatine bones

Front 58

bone that forms the caudal portion of the hard palate

Back 58

horizontal parts of the palatine bones

Front 59

wing-like projection from the palatine bone

Back 59

pterygoid process of the palatine bone. located on the caudolateral aspect of the bone

Front 60

the rostral part of the zygomatic arch

Back 60

temporal process of the zygomatic bone

Front 61

opening on the caudal surface of the lacrimal bone

Back 61

fossa of the lacrimal sac

Front 62

small, thin bone that articulates with the palatine and sphenoid bones

Back 62

pterygoid bones

Front 63

the caudoventral projection of the pterygoid bone

Back 63

hamulus of the pterygoid bone origin for the tendinous portion of the tensor veli palatini muscle

Front 64

space between the dorsal and ventral turbinate (conchae) bones

Back 64

middle nasal meatus

Front 65

space dorsal to the dorsal turbinate (conchae) bones

Back 65

dorsal nasal meatus

Front 66

space ventral to the ventral turbinate (conchae) bones

Back 66

ventral nasal meatus; the preferred site for the passage of a nasogastric tube in a horse

Front 67

bone that forms the caudoventral part of the nasal septum

Back 67

vomer bone

Front 68

the rough, fibrous joint that fuses the left and right mandibles

Back 68

mandibular symphysis

Front 69

opening(s) in the rostral aspect of the mandible

Back 69

mental foramen (foramina)

Front 70

the lateral surface of the ramus of the mandible that serves as the insertion point for the masseter muscle

Back 70

masseteric fossa

Front 71

the dorsal-most part of the mandible

Back 71

coronoid process of the mandible (on the ramus)

Front 72

opening on the caudomedial aspect of the body of the mandible

Back 72

mandibular foramen

Front 73

passageway in the mandible which opens to the mental foramina and the mandibular foramen

Back 73

mandibular canal

Front 74

what passes through the mandibular canal?

Back 74

inferior alveolar artery, vein, and nerve

Front 75

process of the ramus of the mandible that articulates with the mandibular fossa

Back 75

condylar process of the mandible; forms the temporomandibular joint

Front 76

caudoventral-most part of the mandible in carnivores

Back 76

angular process of the mandible

Front 77

the three major parts of the mandible

Back 77

body, angle, ramus

Front 78

depression between the coronoid and condylar process of the mandible

Back 78

mandibular notch of the mandible

Front 79

ventral portion of the bony orbit

Back 79

pterygopalatine fossa

Front 80

foramina of the pterygopalatine fossa

Back 80

ethmoid foramen (foramina)
optic canal
orbital fissure
rostral and caudal alar foramina
foramen rotundum (round foramen)

note that these are for the dog. Cats have no alar foramina and only a foramen rotundum; ruminants have a foramen orbitorotundum and no alar foramina

Front 81

which species lack an alar canal?

Back 81

ruminants and cats

Front 82

foramen vental to the optic canal in ruminants

Back 82

foramen orbitorotundum (the fusion of the orbital fissure and the round foramen)

Front 83

what passes through the optic canal?

Back 83

CN II (Optic)

Front 84

what passes through the orbital fissure?

Back 84

CN III (Oculomotor)
CN IV (Trochlear)
Ophthalmic branch of CN V (Trigeminal)

Front 85

what passes through the alar canal?

Back 85

maxillary artery

Front 86

what passes through the foramen rotundum?

Back 86

maxillary branch of CN V (Trigeminal)

Front 87

the enlarged, thin-walled portion of the maxillary sinus in the ox

Back 87

lacrimal bulla

Front 88

vertical shelf of bone in the ox and horse located immediately caudal to the foramina of the pterygopalatine fossa

Back 88

pterygoid crest

Front 89

which animals have a pterygoid crest?

Back 89

ox and horse

Front 90

bony landmark when blocking the nerves of the bovine eye (Peterson nerve block)

Back 90

pterygoid crest

Front 91

allows communication of the middle ear cavity and the pharynx

Back 91

auditory (Eustachian) tube

Front 92

what passes through the maxillary foramen?

Back 92

infraorbital nerve

Front 93

what are the openings of the infraorbital canal?

Back 93

infraorbital foramen rostrally
maxillary foramen caudally

Front 94

where is the sphenopalatine foramen located and what passes through it?

Back 94

lies at the rostral aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa and transmits the caudal nasal nerve

Front 95

what passes through the foramen ovale?

Back 95

mandibular branch of CN V (Trigeminal)

Front 96

where is the stylomastoid foramen and what pass through it?

Back 96

lateral to the tympanic bulla and caudal to the external acoustic meatus; CN VII (Facial) exits here

Front 97

what passes through the tympano-occipital fissure?

Back 97

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
CN X (Vagus)
CN XI (Spinal Accessory)

Front 98

where is the hypoglossal canal and what passes through it?

Back 98

round opening on the ventral aspect of the occipital bone just rostral to the occipital condyle. Transmits CN XII (Hypoglossal)

Front 99

extra bone in the nose of the pig

Back 99

os rostrale

Front 100

what species does not have an external occipital protuberance?

Back 100

pig

Front 101

the space between the two halves of the mandible

Back 101

intermandibular space; commonly known as the throatlatch

Front 102

the rostral part of the body of the mandible that bears the incisors and canines

Back 102

pars incisiva of the mandible (or the incisive part of the mandible)

Front 103

part of the body of the mandible that bears the premolars and the molars

Back 103

pars molaris

Front 104

tooth sockets

Back 104

dental alveoli

Front 105

dorsal part of the body of the mandible that does not bear dental alveoli

Back 105

interalveolar border

Front 106

the constricted region on the proximal part of the condylar process of the mandible

Back 106

neck of the mandible

Front 107

caudodorsal-most part of the hyoid apparatus that articulates with the temporal bone

Back 107

tympanohyoid cartilage

Front 108

name the bones of the hyoid apparatus

Back 108

stylohyoid, epihyoid, ceratohyoid, thyrohyoid, basihyoid

Front 109

feature of the basihyoid bone in the horse and ox

Back 109

lingual process

Front 110

part of the hyoid apparatus that attaches to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Back 110

thyrohyoid

Front 111

caudal process of the stylohyoid bone in the horse and ox

Back 111

stylohyoid angle

Front 112

what passes through the caudal palatine foramen?

Back 112

palatine nerves (sensory to the palate)

Front 113

where is ethmoid foramen located and what passes through it?

Back 113

in the pterygopalatine fossa, rostrodorsal to the optic canal; transmits the ethmoid nerve

Front 114

what does the ethmoid nerve innervate?

Back 114

the caudodorsal portion of the nasal cavity

Front 115

what passes through the sphenopalatine foramen?

Back 115

the caudal nasal nerve

Front 116

1. having teeth that are of the same form

2. having teeth that are of a different form

Back 116

1. homodonty
2. heterodonty

Front 117

the type of tooth that is on top of the jawbone

Back 117

acrodont

Front 118

the type of tooth that lies to the side of the jawbone

Back 118

pleurodont

Front 119

the type of tooth that resides within dental alveoli

Back 119

thecodont

Front 120

tooth with a crown, root, and a constricted neck

Back 120

brachydont

Front 121

continuously growing tooth with no neck or root

Back 121

hypsodont

Front 122

features of a brachydont tooth

Back 122

crown, neck, root(s)

Front 123

what tooth comprises the tusk of a hog? What type of tooth is it?

Back 123

upper canine; hypsodont

Front 124

what type of tooth is a ruminant's permanent incisor?

Back 124

brachydont

Front 125

the prominences on the ends of the crowns of brachydont teeth

Back 125

tubercles or cusps

Front 126

what is special about and what description is given to the crowns of a non-worn canine incisor?

Back 126

they have three cusps (tubercles) and are called trituberculate

Front 127

the V-shaped ridge of enamel on the lingual surface of the incisors

Back 127

cingulum

Front 128

the carnassial teeth

Back 128

Upper P4, Lower M1

Front 129

brachydont cheek teeth with rounded, masticatory surfaces

Back 129

tuberculate

Front 130

brachydont cheek teeth with sharp, cutting edges

Back 130

sectorial

Front 131

tooth that, upon infection, may abcess into the maxillary sinus/recess

Back 131

Upper P4

Front 132

for mammals that do not meet the full dental formula, which premolars are "lost" first? which molars?

Back 132

P1, then P2, and so forth
M4, then M3 and so forth

Front 133

at what age have all permanent teeth erupted in the dog?

Back 133

6-7 months

Front 134

true or false: when aging an animal, a partially erupted tooth is not counted as being erupted.

Back 134

FALSE. A tooth cannot be "partially erupted", just like a female cannot be "partially pregnant" (Pasquini)

Front 135

what type of teeth are the deciduous incisors of the horse?

Back 135

brachydont

Front 136

what type of teeth are the deciduous molars and deciduous premolars of horses?

Back 136

hypsodont

Front 137

how long does it take for a horse's incisor tooth to be in wear after eruption?

Back 137

6 months

Front 138

when does lower I1 erupt in the horse?

Back 138

2.5 years

Front 139

when does lower I2 erupt in the horse?

Back 139

3.5 years

Front 140

when does lower I3 erupt in the horse?

Back 140

4.5 years

Front 141

what is the typical age of a horse when all lower incisors come into wear?

Back 141

5 years

Front 142

if the canines erupt in the horse, at what age does this typically occur? Whose canines don't typically erupt?

Back 142

4-5 years; females don't erupt canines anywhere nearly as frequently as males.

Front 143

at what age do the lower I1 in the horse wear away their cups?

Back 143

6 years

Front 144

at what age do the lower I2 in the horse wear away their cups?

Back 144

7 years

Front 145

at what age do the lower I3 in the horse wear away their cups?

Back 145

8 years

Front 146

where and when do the the hooks appear on horses teeth?

Back 146

called 7,11 year hooks, they are on I3

Front 147

what is the ridge that appears on I3 in older horses

Back 147

Galvayne's groove

Front 148

what is the typical age of a horse when Galvayne's groove appears?

Back 148

10 years

Front 149

what is the typical age of a horse when Galvayne's groove is half-way down the tooth?

Back 149

15 years

Front 150

what is the typical age of a horse when Galvayne's groove reaches the distal aspect of the tooth?

Back 150

20 years

Front 151

what is the typical age of a horse when Galvayne's groove is half gone?

Back 151

25 years

Front 152

what is the typical age of a horse when Galvayne's disappears

Back 152

30 years

Front 153

what characteristic is said to be of the ruminant canine teeth?

Back 153

incisiform

Front 154

what characteristic is said to be of the camelid incisors?

Back 154

caniniform

Front 155

what is the term used to describe the cusps of ruminant cheek teeth?

Back 155

crescentric or selenodont

Front 156

what is the typical age of an ox when I1 erupts?

Back 156

1.5 - 2 years

Front 157

what is the typical age of an ox when C1 ("I4") erupts?

Back 157

3.5-4 years

Front 158

at what age do oxen typically have all of their incisiform teeth in wear?

Back 158

5 years

Front 159

at what tyipcal age are the bovine incisiform teeth said to be "level"?

Back 159

9 years

Front 160

what comprises the poll of the horse

Back 160

the highest point of the occiput

Front 161

what is the part of the nasal bone that extends past the maxilla?

Back 161

rostral process of the nasal bone

Front 162

what is descriptive term used for the cusps of the horse's cheek teeth?

Back 162

modified lophodont

Front 163

in the horse, at what age typically are the lower I1 surfaces said to be "triangular"? lower I2?

Back 163

16 years
17 years

Front 164

the retroarticular process of the squamous temporal bone is most prominent in what species?

Back 164

bovine

Front 165

a flange of bone which protrudes ventrally from the caudal end of the zygomatic arch (caudal to the mandibular fossa) and carries part of the articular surface of the temporomandibular joint on its rostral edge.

Back 165

retroarticular process of the squamous temporal bone

Front 166

what is interposed in the temporomandibular joint?

Back 166

meniscus of fibrocartilage

Front 167

name the major muscles of mastication

Back 167

- masseter
- temporalis
- lateral pterygoid
- medial pterygoid
- digastricus
- mylohyoid

Front 168

masseter muscle: origin, insertion, action

Back 168

origin: zygomatic arch, facial crest, facial tuberosity

insertion: caudal body, ramus, and angle of the lateral mandible

close the mouth and cross-jaw motion

Front 169

medial pterygoid muscle: origin, insertion, action

Back 169

origin: pterygoid bone

insertion: caudal body, ramus, and angle of the medial mandible

like a "medial masseter muscle"; closes the mouth and cross-jaw action

Front 170

lateral pterygoid muscle: origin, insertion, action

Back 170

origin: pterygoid bone
insertion: neck of the mandible

cross-jaw motion

Front 171

temporalis muscle: origin, insertion, action

Back 171

origin: temporal fossa

insertion: coronoid process of the mandible

action close the mouth

Front 172

in which species are the temporalis muscles most well-developed?

Back 172

carnivores

Front 173

in which species are the masseter muscles most developed?

Back 173

horse and ruminant

Front 174

in which species are the lateral pterygoid muscles most developed?

Back 174

horse and ruminant

Front 175

digastricus muscle: origin, insertion, action, parts, innervation

Back 175

origin: paracondylar (jugular) processes of the occipital bone

insertion: body, angle, and ramus of the mandible

action: open the mouth

parts: rostral belly, intervening tendon, caudal belly

innrevation: rostral belly, mandibular nerve; caudal belly, facial nerve

Front 176

comment on the embryologic origins of the digastricus muscle

Back 176

developed from two branchial or pharyngeal arches. The rostral belly developed from the first branchial/mandibular arch and the caudal belly developed from the second branchial/hyoid arch

Front 177

mylohyoid muscle: origin, insertion, action

Back 177

origin: mylohyoid line of the body of the mandible

insertion: median raphe of the ventral aspect of the tongue; caudally, lingual process of the basihyoid bone (not in carnivores)

action: lift the tongue; acts as a "sling" for the tongue

Front 178

which nerve innervates all of the major muscles of mastication?

Back 178

mandibular nerve - the ventral-most branch of CN V (Trigeminal)

Front 179

which nerve innervates the rostral belly of the digastricus muscle?

Back 179

mandibular nerve

Front 180

which nerve innervates the caudal belly of the digastricus muscle?

Back 180

facial nerve

Front 181

name the major branches of the mandibular nerve and what they innervate

Back 181

- masseteric nerve: masseter muscle

- temporal nerve: termporalis muscle

-pterygoid nerves: medial and lateral pterygoid muscles

- mylohyoid nerve: mylohyoideus muscle and the rostral belly of the digastricus muscle

- tensor tympani nerve: tensor tympani muscle

- tensor veli palatini nerve: tensor veli palatini muscle

- mandibular alveolar nerve: sensory to teeth and lower jaw; passes through the mandibular canal

- lingual nerve: sensory to rostral 2/3rd of the tongue

- sublingual nerve: sensory to floor of the mouth

- buccal nerve: sensory to cheek mucosa

- auriculotemporal nerve: sensory to the temples and base of the ear

Front 182

boundaries of the oral vestibule

Back 182

lips and cheeks; outside of teeth

Front 183

where is the oral cavity proper?

Back 183

inward of the teeth

Front 184

what is the hairless nasal plane called and in which species does it exist?

Back 184

planum nasal

dog, cat, SMALL ruminants

Front 185

large, flat plane of nose and upper lip in the ox

Back 185

planum nasolabiale

Front 186

flat plane of the pig's snout

Back 186

planum rostrale

Front 187

vertical groove on the upper lip

Back 187

philtrum

Front 188

what species have the relatively caudal-most lip commisures?

Back 188

carnivores; so they can use their cheek teeth to tear meat

Front 189

orifices for the mandibular and monostomatic sublingual salivary glands

Back 189

sublingual caruncles

Front 190

opening of the incisive ducts at the rostral end of the hard palate

Back 190

incisive papilla

Front 191

passages to the vomeronasal organ in the floor of the nasal cavity

Back 191

incisive (nasopalatine) ducts

Front 192

latin name for the hard palate

Back 192

palatum durum

Front 193

transverse ridges of the hard palate

Back 193

rugae palatini

Front 194

latin name for the soft palate

Back 194

palatum molle

Front 195

rostral end of the oropharyngeal space at the level of the palatoglossal arches

Back 195

isthmus of the throat

Front 196

an extension of the soft palate to the base of the tongue

Back 196

palatoglossal arch (fold)

Front 197

the three parts of the tongue

Back 197

apex, body, root

Front 198

an elliptical prominence in the body of the tongue of ruminants

Back 198

lingual torus

Front 199

the fold that joins the ventral apex of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity

Back 199

frenulum

Front 200

what are the three extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Back 200

styloglossus - from stylohyoid bone; retracts tongue backwards or to the side

hyoglossus - origin: basihyoid bone; retract and depress the tongue

genioglossus - origin: mandibular symphysis; arches the tongue caudodorsally; fans out the tongue; protrudes (pulls forward) the tongue

Front 201

intrinsic muscle of the tongue

Back 201

lingualis proprius muscle

Front 202

in the dog and cat, an unpaired, fliliform structure on the median ventral surface of the apex of the tongue

Back 202

lyssa

Front 203

name the four types of lingual papillae

Back 203

filiform, fungiform, vallate, foliate

Front 204

what nerve gives motor innervation to the tongue?

Back 204

CN XII (Hypoglossal)

Front 205

what sensory nerve innervates the rostral 2/3rd of the tongue?

Back 205

lingual nerve, a branch of the mandibular (part of CN V - Trigeminal)

Front 206

what muscle covers the infraorbital foramen, and is especially clinically significant in the horse?

Back 206

levator labii superioris

Front 207

what is a line of teeth called?

Back 207

arcade

Front 208

what is common on the distal edge of a puppy's tongue?

Back 208

marginal papillae

Front 209

what provides sensory innervation to the caudal 1/3rd of the tongue?

Back 209

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

Front 210

what are the three parts of the pharynx?

Back 210

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Front 211

what are the three muscles of the soft palate?

Back 211

tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini
palatinus

Front 212

what muscles shorten the pharynx?

Back 212

palatopharyngeus, pterygopharyngeus

Front 213

which muscle dilates the pharynx?

Back 213

stylopharyngeus

Front 214

what muscles constrict the pharynx?

Back 214

hyopharyngeus (rostral-most)
thyropharyngeus
cricopharyngeus (caudal-most)

Front 215

which cranial nerves provide MOTOR innervation to the pharynx

Back 215

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
CN X (Vagus)
Cn XI (Accessory Spinal)

Front 216

which cranial nerves provide SENSORY innervation to the pharynx

Back 216

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
CN X (Vagus)

Front 217

what nervous structure provides sensory branches to the pharyngeal mucosa and muscles; what cranial nerves are involved?

Back 217

pharyngeal plexus
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)
CN X (Vagus)
Cn XI (Accessory Spinal)

Front 218

name the five tonsilar tissues of the pharynx

Back 218

1. palatine tonsil - in or on the lateral wall of the oropharynx
2. lingual tonsil - under mucosa of the root of the tonsil
3. tonsil of the soft palate
4. pharyngeal tonsil - in the roof of the nasopharynx
5. tubal tonsil - in the lateral wall ofthe pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube

Front 219

comment on the species differences of the palatine tonsil

Back 219

ox: in the tonsilar sinus
horse: numerous lumps on the oropharyngeal wall
pig: absent

Front 220

where would you get pharyngeal tonsil tissue for biopsy in a pig?

Back 220

from the large tonsil of the soft palate

Front 221

comment on the species differences of the pharyngeal tonsil

Back 221

carnivores: flat
artiodactyls: irregularly raised
(humans: the adenoids)

Front 222

name the processes of the aryitinoid cartilage

Back 222

vocal, muscular, coniculate, (cueniform)

Front 223

name the three hyaline cartilages of the phaynx

Back 223

Thryoid, arytenoid, cricoid

Front 224

name the main branches of CN VII (Facial)

Back 224

dorsal buccal branch
ventral buccal branch
auriculopalpebral branch
caudal auricular branch

Front 225

the dorsal buccal branch of the facial nerve innervates what?

Back 225

muscles of the cheek, lip, nostril, and nostril, orbicularis oris m., zygomaticus m.

Front 226

zygomatic muscle: origin, insertion, action, innervation

Back 226

origin: zygomatic arch
insertion: tissue near lip commisures
action: retact lip commisures (smile)
innervation: dorsal buccal branch of the facial nerve

Front 227

the ventral buccal branch of the facial nerve innervates what?

Back 227

lower lip, lower part of the buccinator muscle, cutaneous facii (platysma in carnivores), chin, lower lip, orbicularis oris muscle

Front 228

what two nerves supply the orbicularis oris muscle?

Back 228

dorsal and ventral buccal branches of the facial nerve

Front 229

what are the major divisions of the auriclopalpebral nerve?

Back 229

palpebral branches - muscles of the eyelid and forehead
auricular branches - muscles that move the ear

Front 230

what are the major muscles associated with eyelid motion, the species in which they exist, and their innervation

Back 230

orbicularis oculi - all species
frontalis - ruminants and carnivores
levator anguli oculi medialis - all species
retractor anguli oculi lateralis - carnivores

all innervated by the palpebral branches of the auriculopalpebral nerve (a branch of CN VII - Facial)

Front 231

orbicularis oculi muscle: origin, action, innervation

Back 231

origin: lacrimal tubercle via the palpebral ligament

action: close the eyelid

innervation: palbebral branches of the auircluopalpebral nerve

Front 232

name the four major salivary glands and the species in which they exist

Back 232

parotid - all
mandibular - all
monostomatic sublingual - all
zygomatic - carnivore

Front 233

where does the parotid duct course and empty in the dog, horse, and ox?

Back 233

dog: across the cheek in between the dorsal and ventral buccal branches of the facial nerve

horse and ox: courses along the ventral aspect of the masseter muscle

in all species, empties through a papilla in the cheek wall near upper P4

Front 234

what muscle crosses dorsoventrally from the ear and over the parotid salivary gland? what is its action?

Back 234

parotidoauricularis muscle. Pulls the ear down and back

Front 235

where does the mandibular salivary gland empty?

Back 235

sublingual caruncle

Front 236

name four minor salivary glands and their locations

Back 236

1. lingual - under the mucosa on the root of the tongue
2. labial - oral vestibule of the lips
3. palatine - on the oropharyngeal aspect of the soft palate
4. buccal - on the walls of the cheeks

Front 237

name the four major lymph nodes that drain the head

Back 237

parotid, mandibular, medial retropharyngeal, lateral retropharyngeal

Front 238

parotid lymph nodes: location, morphology, and drainage in the dog, ruminant and horse

Back 238

location - rostrodorsal edge of the parotid salivary gland in all three species

morphology - single in ruminants and dog; 6-10 small nodes in the horse

drainage: superficial upper part of head, including muzzle, fontal, eye, ear. Efferents drain into the retropharyngeal lymph nodes

Front 239

mandibular lymph nodes: location, morphology, and drainage in the dog, ruminant and horse

Back 239

location - to the angle of the mandible: rostral in the horse; ventral in the dog and ox

morphology - dog and ox: 1-3 nodes; horse: numerous small nodes

drainage - muzzle, lips, cheeks, and lower part of the head. Efferents drain into the retropharyngeal lymph node

Front 240

medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes: location, morphology, and drainage in the dog, ruminant and horse

Back 240

location - dorsolateral aspect of the pharynx

morphology - relatively large

drainage - tongue, palate, tonsils, maxillary and frontal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, parotid lymph nodes, mandibular lymph nodes. Efferents drain into the cranial cervical lymph nodes

Front 241

lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes: location, morphology, and drainage in the dog, ruminant and horse

Back 241

location - rostral to the wing of the atlas; caudomedial aspect of the parotid (and mandibular in the ox) salivary glands

morphology - less prominent than the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes except the ox, where they are large.

drainage - Efferents drain into the cranial cervical lymph nodes

Front 242

what receives lymph from the retropharyngeal lymph node efferent ducts?

Back 242

cranial cervical lymph nodes

Front 243

in which species is the lateral retropharyngeal lymph node relatively large?

Back 243

ox

Front 244

list the route of lymphatic drainage from the parotid lymph node to the cranial vena cava

Back 244

parotid lymph node -->
retropharyngeal lymph nodes -->
cranial cervical lymph nodes -->
tracheal lymphatic trunks -->
external jugular vein -->
cranial vena cava

Front 245

where do the efferent ducts of the cranial cervical lymph node drain?

Back 245

tracheal lymphatic trunks

Front 246

in what area of the body do the tracheal lymphatic trunks enter the external jugular vein?

Back 246

near the thoracic inlet

Front 247

where does the proximal esophagus reside in relation to the trachea?

Back 247

dorsal and to the left of the trachea

Front 248

comment on the location and morphology of the thyroid glands in the dog, ox, and horse

Back 248

dog - two separate, elongated lobes caudal to the larynx and lateral to the trachea

horse - two oval-shaped lobes, joined by a fibrous isthmus over the ventral aspect of the trachea

ox - more irregularly shaped than the horse and dog, whose two lobes, joined by a glandular isthmus that lies over the ventral aspect of the trachea

Front 249

what joins the two lobes of the thyroid gland in the dog, horse, and ox?

Back 249

dog: nothing; they are separate
horse: fibrous isthmus
ox: glandular isthmus

Front 250

in the horse, ox, and dog, which species are you most likely able to visualize a parathyroid gland?

Back 250

dog

Front 251

name the two major divisions of the external jugular vein in the head/neck, and where they course

Back 251

maxillary - dorsally, near the parotid and maxillary salivary glands

linguofacial - rostrally, lateral to the mandible, under the masseter muscle

Front 252

name the muscles of the hyoid apparatus

Back 252

mylohyoideus, geniohyoideus, sternohyoideus, cervicohyoideus, omohyoideus (horse), thyrohyoideus, occipitohyoideus, stylohyoideus, ceratohyoideus

Front 253

what is the point of insertion and action of the sternohyoideus, omohyoideus (horse), cervicohyoideus, and the thyrohyoideus muscles?

Back 253

the basihyoid bone; they retract the tongue

Front 254

geniohyoideus muscle: origin, insertion, action

Back 254

origin: pars incisiva of the mandible

insertion: basihyoid bone (lingual process in the horse and ox)

action: protrude the tongue (e.g. for licking)

Front 255

occipitohyoideus muscle: origin, insertion, action

Back 255

origin: paracondylar (jugular) process of the occipital bone

insertion: angle of the stylohyoid bone

action: retracts the hyoid apparatus

Front 256

stylohyoideus muscle: origin, insertion, action

Back 256

origin: stylohyoid bone

insertion: basihyoid bone

action: elevates the hyoid apparatus

Front 257

ceratohyoideus muscle: origin, insertion, action

Back 257

origin: certatohyoid and epihyoid bones

insertion: basihyoid and thyrohyoid bones

action: pulls the larynx forward or retracts the tongue

Front 258

name the extrinsic muscles of the larynx

Back 258

sternothyroideus, hyothyroideus, hyoepiglotticus

Front 259

what is the passage bound laterally by the dorsal and ventral turbinate (conchae) bones and medially by the nasal septum?

Back 259

common nasal meatus

Front 260

name the five major sinus cavities (or recesses) of the head

Back 260

1. frontal
2. palatine
3. sphenoidal
4. lacrimal
5. maxillary

Front 261

what is the clinical significance of the paranasal sinuses and which sinuses are of the most importance in these procedures?

Back 261

- need to invade and drain them in severe infections

- in the horse, site to repel teeth

- the most important clinically are the frontal and maxillary sinuses

Front 262

what is special about the frontal sinus of the ox?

Back 262

it extends as a conual diverticulum on the cornual processes of the frontal bones

Front 263

comment on the species differences in the maxillary sinus of the horse, ox, and dog

Back 263

horse - the largest sinus. Has a septum of the maxillary sinus that divides it into rostral and caudal compartments, which are bounded medially by the osseus infraorbital canal. Many cheek teeth have roots ventral to this sinus.

ox - has a caudal extention, the lacrimal bulla

dog - very reduced, is called the maxillary recess and lies above upper P4

Front 264

what is the largest upper cheek tooth in the dog? An infection of this tooth may also involve what other anatomical structure?

Back 264

upper P4 (carnassial); infection may involve the maxillary recess, the reduced maxillary sinus.

Front 265

comment on the species differences in the palatine sinus of the horse, ox, and dog

Back 265

horse - within the perpindicular part of the palatine bone and is continuous with the sphenoid sinus, forming a shenopalatine sinus

ox - in the horizontal part of the palatine bone and freely communicates with the maxillary sinus

dog - absent

Front 266

comment on the species differences of the lacrimal sinus of the horse, ox, and dog

Back 266

only present in the ox; communicates with the maxillary sinus

Front 267

in the horse, a blind-ended compartment extending caudally from the dorsal aspect of the external nares

Back 267

nasal diverticulum or "false nostril"

Front 268

in the horse, supports the nostril and is comprised of a lamina and a cornu

Back 268

alar cartilage

Front 269

nasal vestibule tissue that extends caudally onto the ventral turbinate

Back 269

alar fold

Front 270

name the three major conchae (turbinates)

Back 270

dorsal nasal concha
ventral nasal concha
ethmoidal concha - largest is the middle nasal concha

Front 271

name the three major nerves that provide general sensation to the nasal cavity

Back 271

caudal and cranial branches of the maxillary nerve

ethmoidal branch of the ophthalmic nerve

Front 272

in the horse, a dilation of the auditory tube

Back 272

guttural pouch (or auditory tube diverticulum)

Front 273

the opening of the larynx and its boundaries

Back 273

aditus laryngeus

- epiglottis, ventrally
- corniculate processes of the arytinoid cartilage, dorsally
- aryepiglottic fold, laterally

Front 274

name the the three divisions of the laryngeal cavity caudal to the aditus laryngeus

Back 274

laryngeal vestibule, glottis, infraglottic space

Front 275

name the boundaries of the laryngeal vestibule

Back 275

aryepiglottic fold, vestibular fold ("false vocal fold"), lateral ventricle (dog and horse)

Front 276

name the four major intrinsic muscles of the larynx

Back 276

they all pass from one laryngeal cartilage to another and are named as such
1. cricothyroideus muscle
2. vocalis muscle
3. dorsal cricoarytenoid muscle
4. lateral cricoarytenoid muscle

Front 277

paralysis or atrophy of which muscles cause "roarer syndrome" in the horse and dogs?

Back 277

dorsal and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

Front 278

name the major innervations of the larynx

Back 278

cranial laryngeal nerve, a branch of CN X (Vagus)

caudal laryngeal nerve, the terminal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the Vagus)

Front 279

damage to one or both of the recurrent laryngel nerves can cause what defect of the larynx? How is it fixed?

Back 279

laryngeal hemiplegia or "roarer syndrome", where the vocal fold cannot be retracted.

It is fixed via a laryngeal tieback surgery, in which a suture is used to artificially construct the dorsal cricoarytinoid muscle

Front 280

name the three major branches of the common carotid artery

Back 280

1. external carotid artery (largest)
2. internal carotid artery
3. occipital artery

Front 281

name the four major branches of the external carotid artery

Back 281

1. linguofacial artery
2. auricular arieries (two separate branches)
3. maxillary artery (passes through the alar canal)
4. superficial temporal artery

Front 282

name the three major branches of the maxillary artery

Back 282

1. mandibular alveolar artery
2. external ophthalmic artery
3. maxillary alveolar/infraorbital

Front 283

name the two major branches of the linguofacial artery

Back 283

1. lingual artery
2. facial artery

Front 284

what artery supplies the horn of the ox and where does it originate?

Back 284

cornual artery, the termination of the superficial temporal artery

Front 285

which artery passes through the alar canal?

Back 285

maxillary artery, a branch of the external carotid artery

Front 286

what basic procedures are used to gain entry to the sinuses?

Back 286

trephination - cutting holes with a trephine: usually into the maxillary or frontal sinus

sinus flap

Front 287

what nerve block would you use to work on the lower incisors?

Back 287

mental nerve, at the mental foramen of the mandible

Front 288

what nerve block wod you use to work on the upper incisors and other parts of the rostral face, such as the lip and nose?

Back 288

infraorbital nerve at the infraorbital foramen. The levator labii superioris muscle must be pushed away to reach this nerve

Front 289

what is Viborg's triangle?

Back 289

a surgical site of three incisions to reach the guttural pouch of the horse:

- cranial: caudal edge of the ramus of the mandible

- ventral: linguofacial vein

- dorsal: tendon of the sternomandibularis (and maxillary vein)

Front 290

name some important structures that lie immediately outside the guttural pouch

Back 290

- bifurcation of the common carotid artery
- pharyngeal plexus
- medial retropharyngeal lymph node
- cranial cervical ganglion