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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the 3 organs of the reproductive systems |
1. gonads 2. ducts 3. accessory sex glands |
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what are the 2 functions of the gonads? |
1. produce gametes (sex cells) 2. secrete hormones |
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what is the function of the ducts? |
1. transport 2. receive 3. store gametes |
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function of accessory sex glands: |
produce materials that support gametes |
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what are the two types of gametes? |
1. sperm (males) 2. egg (females) |
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What are the sex hormones in males called? |
androgens |
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what are the sex hormones in females called? |
1. progesterone 2. estrogens |
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define accessory reproductive organs: |
ducts that transport, store, and recieve gametes.
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What are the 4 female reproductive organs? |
1. ovaries 2. gonads 3. vulva 4. mammary glands |
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What are the 3 female accessory ducts? |
1. uterine tubes 2. uterus 3. vagina |
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What are the functions of the ovaries? 3. what does the ovarian cortex consist of? 4. what does the ovarian medulla contain? |
1. produce secondary oocytes 2. produce hormones (estrogen & progesterone) 3. ovarian follicles 4. blood & lymphatic vessels & nerves |
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what are the functions of the uterine tubes? |
1. transport fertilized ova 2. connects ovaries to uterus 3. where sperm & egg meet |
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what is the function of the uterus? |
1. the site of fetal development 2. recieves eggs |
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what is the function of the vagina? |
1. a passageway for childbirth |
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what are the function of mammary glands? |
1. produce milk for nourishment of a newborn |
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Define ovarian follicle |
1. saclike structures, each consists of an immature egg called an oocyte (female gametes) in various stages of development |
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what stage is the primary follicle in? |
menstrual phase |
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1. what stage is the secondary follicle in? 2. what stage is the mature graafian follicle in? |
1. preovulatory phase 2. preovulatory phase |
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define mature (Graafian) follicle |
a large, fluid-filled follicle that is ready to rupture and expel its secondary oocyte (Process known as ovulation) |
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What is happening during ovulation? |
Mature follicle ruptures |
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What does the corpus luteum contain? |
remnants of a mature follicle after ovulation |
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estrogen is released by |
follicular cells |
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GnRH -- what does Gn stand for? what does the RH stand for? |
Gn stands for gonadotropin RH stands for releasing hormone |
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LH |
leutinizing hormone formation of luteum |
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Define ovulation |
rupture of the vesicular ovarian (Graafian) follicle with release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity, occurs on day 14 in a 28 day cycle |
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1. what occurs during the last part of the preovulatory phase? |
1. mature follicle secretes estrogen & exerts positive feedback on GnRH 2. increased estrogen--> increased GnRH |
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2. What does the GnRH (hypothalamus) promote? |
1. release of FSH 2. & more LH(anterior pituitary gland) 3. GnRH surge---> FSH & LH increase |
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3. LH surge ---> ovulation |
more LH (anterior pituitary gland) causes graafian follicle to ovulate |
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what is the first phase/cycle of the menstrual cycle? |
ovarian cycle/ oogenesis 1. Menstrual Phase (menstruation)- -days 1-5 -corpus luteum degenerates -Progesterone decreased--> decreased endometrium--> functional layer sloughed off |
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what is the 2nd phase menstrual cycle? |
2. Preovulatory phase -days 6-13 -new follicle develops -increased estrogen (from follicles)--> endometrium repair |
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what is the 3rd phase in the menstrual cycle? |
3. ovulation -day 14 |
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what is the 4th & final phase of menstrual cycle? |
4. Postovulatory phase -day 15-28 - increased P & E (progesterone & estrogen)---------->increased endometrium |
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in the post ovulatory phase, what occurs when no fertilization occurs? |
the menstrual phase will begin again. |
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define endometrium: |
mucosal lining of uterine cavity |
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the endometrium is subdivided into two layers, name them: |
1.stratum functionalis 2. stratum basalis |
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define what occurs to the stratum functionalis layer during menstruation: |
functional layer that lines the uterine cavity & sloughs off during menstruation |
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what function does the stratum basalis serve after each menstrual period? |
a permanent layer gives rise to new stratum functionalis after each menstruation. |
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Rupture of follicle and release of oocyte on day 14 can cause : |
1. increased estrogen (follicle) 2. increased GnRH (hypothalamus) 3. increased LH (anterior pituitary) 4. ovulation (ruptured follicle = corpus hemorrhagicum) |
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What are the 4 signs that a follicle has ruptured and an oocyte has been released on day 14? |
1. increase in basal body temperature 2. changes in cervical mucus 3. cervix softens 4. pain |
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describe the function of relaxin: |
facilitates implantation (of fertilized egg) in the relaxed uterus |
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function of inhibin |
inhibits the secretion of FSH |
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what function does estrogen have: |
1. promotion of development of development & maintenance of female reproductive structures, secondary sex characterisitics and the breasts. 2. increase protein anabolism & build strong bones 3. lower blood cholesterol 4. moderate levels of estrogens in the blood 5. inhibit the release of GnRH |
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what function does progesterone have? |
works with estrogens to prepare the endometrium for implantation and the mammary glands for milk synthesis. |
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how does relaxin work? |
inhibits contractions making it easier for fertilized ovum to implant in the uterus. |
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how does inhibin work? |
inhibits secretion of FSH, GnRH and LH. |
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spermatogenesis produces what? |
produce mature sperm |
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oogenesis produces what? |
mature oocytes |
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Name the male gonads and gametes |
testes produce sperm and lie within the scrotum. |
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What is the function of the accessory sex glands and organs in the male reproductive system? |
transport of sperm through a system of ducts |
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Name the 5 accessory organs in the male reproductive system. |
1. epididymis 2. ductus deferens 3. ejaculatory duct 4. urethra 5. penis |
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what sex glands are involved with emptying their secretions into ducts during ejaculation? |
1. seminal vesicles 2. prostate gland 3.bulbourethral glands |
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what is the function of the testes? |
produce sperm produce male sex hormone testosterone |
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what is the function of the ducts? |
1. transport 2. store 3. assist in maturation of sperm |
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What do the accessory sex glands primarily secrete? |
liquid portion of semen |
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what does the penis contain? |
1. urethra 2. passageway for ejaculation of semen 3. excretion of urine |
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What is the fuction of the seminiferous tubules? |
1. sperm production (spermatogenesis) |
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what are the two types of cells in the seminiferous tubules? |
1. spermatogenic (sperm) cells 2. sertoli cells (supporting cells) (mother cell) |
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what do the interstitial cells (leydig cells) secrete? |
1. testosterone |
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Hormonal Control of the Testes GnRH---> FSH & LH LUTEINIZING HORMONE PROVIDES WHAT FUNCTION? |
LH (luteinizing hormone) 1. assists spermatogenesis (sertoli cells) 2.increase testosterone (leydig cells) |
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GnRH--->FSH & LH FSH provides what function? |
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone 1. initiates spermatogenesis |
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what do sertoli cells secrete? |
1. secrete androgen binding protein (ABP) |
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what is the effect of inhibin when sperm production is sufficient? |
1. sertoli cells release inhibin 2. inhibits FSH secretion by anterior pituitary gland 3. decreases sperm production |
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what is the effect of inhibin when sperm production is too slow? |
1. less inhibin is required by sertoli cells 2. more FSH is secreted 3. sperm production increases |
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what happens when LH stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone? |
1. an enzyme in prostate & seminal vesicles converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) |
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what happens when FSH stimulates spermatogenesis? |
1. with testosterone 2. stimulates sertoli cells to secrete androgen binding proteins to keep hormone levels high 3. testosterone stimulates final steps of spermatogenesis |
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what are the 4 primary roles/functions of testosterone? |
1. controls growth, development, functioning, and maintenance of sex organs 2. stimulates bone growth, protein anabolism, and sperm maturation 3. stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics 4. negative feedback systems regulate testosterone production |
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inhibition of FSH by inhibin helps to regulate what? |
1. the rate of spermatogenesis |
