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168 Cards in this Set
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anatomy 2 endocrine |
endocrine
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what is the neuroendocrine system?
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nervous and endocrine systems work together in complement to maintain homeostasis.
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do the nervous and endocrine system function independently?
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no they complement each other.
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how fast is the nervous and endocrine system?
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1-10ms for nervous and slow seconds to days for endocrine.
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what do the nervous and endocrine system communicate with?
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only muscles and glands through most tissues in the body.
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how long does the effects caused by the nervous and endocrine system last?
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they can end quickly or they can continue for days.
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can neurons stimulate hormon release?
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yes.
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can the endocrine system stimulate and inhibit neurons?
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yes.
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what does endo drive from?
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within.
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what does crine derive from?
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krinein = "to seperate" secrete products to distant tissues.
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what does the endocrine systme have a major role in(3)?
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growth and development
reproduction total body metabolism. |
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the endocrine system model (3 steps)
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neurosecretory cells(glands)
secrete hormones into blood stream stimulates response in the target tissue/organ. |
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what does the term paracrine mean in terms of hormones?
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means local hormones that secretes into tussues to nearby cells.
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what does the term exocrine mean in temrs of hormones?
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applies to types of secretions that flow through tubes or ducts. ex. seat.
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what does the term autocrine mean in terms of hormones?
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means it effects only itself, a selfie...
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are endocrine glands highly vascularized?
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yes.
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are hormones release dinto the extra cellular fluids ECF via exocytosis?
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yes.
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what is exocytosis?
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the release of hormones into extra cellular fluids
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do hormones travel in blood vessels?
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yes and they transport ot the target organ.
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what are the major endocrine organs?
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pineal gland
hypothalamus pituitary gland thyroid gland thymus adrenal gland pancrease parathyroid\testis and ovary. |
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are glands close to the things they must get info on?
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yes.
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what is a negative feedback system steps(4)
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1. stimulation increases secretion
2.secretion increases blood concentration 3.target organ effected 4.hormone release inhibited. |
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are the hypothalamus and pituitary gland linked together?
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yes.
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what does the hypothalamus do?
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major link between the nervous system and endocrine system.
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does the hypothalamus's hormones control the pitiuitary gland?
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yes.
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is the pituitary gland the master endocrine gland?
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yes.
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the pituitary is 2 different types of systems.
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yes neural and ???
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what is the hypophyseal portal system of the pituitary?
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the vascular connection to the anterior pituitary.
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what is between the hypothalamus and the agnohypothesis?
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pituitary stalk/infundibulum.
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what are the bodies 4 principal ways to communciate from cell to cell?
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1. gap junctions
2. neurtransmittors 3. paracrines 4.hormones. |
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what is a gap junction?
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joins single unit smooth msucle cardiac muscle and epithelial cells to one another. enables cells to pass nutriants etc from one cytoplasm to the next through plasma membrane.
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what are neurotransmittors.
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chemicals released by neurons across synaptic cleft.
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what are paracrines?
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secreted only bo one cell and diffuse into nearby cells in the same tissue to stimulate. "local homrones".
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what are hormones?
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chemical messangers transported in the blood stream.
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does the liver fit comforably into the classification of endocrine and exocrine.
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no its kind of both at the same time.
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can chemicals function both as neurotransmittors and hormones?
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yes.
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does norepinephrine, dopamine, thyrotropin-release hormone and antidiuretic act as both neurotransmittor and endocrine?
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yes.
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hormones have no action on a cell unless...
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that cell has the proper receptors for that hormone.
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what basic things does the hypothalamus regulate?
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water balance
thermoregulation sex drive childbirth. |
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functions of the hypothalamus are carried out by the ...
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pituitary gland.
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how big is the pituitary gland?
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about the size of a kidney bean.
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what bone is the pituitary gland in?
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sella turcica depression in the sphenoid bone.
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does the pititary gland get bigger during preggeers?
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yes.
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what are the 2 structures of the pituitary gland called?
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adenohypothysis and the neurohypophysis.
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which structure of the pituitary gland occupies 3/4th of it on the anterior portion?
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adenohypothysis.
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is the anterior lobe also called the distalis part "distal part"?
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yes.
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is the "pars intermedia" a strip of tissue between the anterior lobe and the neurohypophysis?
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yes.
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when is the "pars intermedia" available on the body?
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during fetal development. then it goes away and becomes cyst like.
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does the anterior pituitary ahve nervous conection to the hypothalamus?
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nope.
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since the anterior pituitary has no nervous connections how it is linked?
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via bloodvessels called the hypophyseal portal system.
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where are the primary capilaries located in the hypopyseal portal system?
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the hypothalamus.
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does the portal venules (small veins) travel down the stalk of the hypopyseal portal system?
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yes.
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are secondary capillaries part of the hypopyseal portal system, located in the anterior pituitary?
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yes.
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does the hypothalamus conrol the anterior pituitary by secreting hormones?
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yes.
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what is the path of the hormones from the hypohalamus to the anterior pituitary? (4)
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1. hypothalamus secretes hormones
2.they enter primary capillaries. 3.travel down portal venules. 4.diffuse out of secondary capillary to pituitary tissue. |
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does the neurohypophysis constitute of the posterior 1/4th of the pituitary?
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yes.
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what are the 3 parts of the neurohypophysis?
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1. median eminence
2.infundibulum 3.posterior lobe (pars nervousa). |
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is the neurohypophysis actually nervous tissue and not a true gland?
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yes.
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nerve fibers arise from cell bodies in the hypothalamus and pass down the stalk in a bundle called the...
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hypothalamo-hypopyseal tract.
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where does the hypothalamo-hypopyseal tract end?
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the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
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are hormones made in the hypothlamic nuerons?
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yes.
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how do hormones made in the hypothalamic neurons travel down the nerve fibers to the posterior pituitary?
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axoplasmic flow.
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are hormones store din nerve endings until a nerve signal comes down to trigger their release?
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yes.
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how many hormones are produced in the hypothalamus?
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8.
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how many normones regulate the anterior pituitary gland?
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6
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what is a way to remembr the 6 hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary glands
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This Coke Gets Good Pussy Sometimes.
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what are the 6 hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary gland?
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1. TRH Thyrotropin release hormone
CRH Corticoptropin releasing hormone. 3.GnRH Gonadoropin 4.GHRH Growth Hormone 5.Prolactin inhibiting H 6.Somatostatin. |
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What does thyrotropin TRH do?
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promotes the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and prolactin (PRL).
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what does corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) do?
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promotes the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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what does gonadotropin releasing hormone do (GnRH)?
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promotes the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone(LH).
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what does prolactin-inhibiting hormone do (PIH)?
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inhibits secretion of prolactin (PRL).
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what does somatostatin "growth inhibiting hormone" do?
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inhibits secretion of growth hormone (GH) and tyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).
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what are the 2 hypothalamic hormones that do not effect the anterior pituitary?
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oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
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are Oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) stored and released by the posterior pituitary?
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yes.
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does Oxytocin (OT) come mainly from enruosn in the right and left paraventricular nuclei?
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yes.
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where is the paraventricular nuclei located?
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the hypothalamus.
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where does anti-diuretic (ADH) come form mainly?
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the supraoptic nuclei.
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do we call OT and ADH posteiror pituitary hormones for convienence reasons?
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yes, theyare not synthesized by the posterior lobe.
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how many hormones does the anterior pituitary synthesize and secrete?
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6.
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an easy way to remember the 6 hormones that the anterior pituitary synthesizes and releases it...
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FLATPiG.
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what are the 6 hormones that the anterior pituitary synthesizes and releases? FlatPiG?
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follicle stimulating (FSH)
luteinizing(LH) Adrenocorticotropic(ACTH) Prolactin(PRL) Growth(GH) |
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what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary synthesize and release?
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT) |
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anterior pit: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) target organ and use:
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ovaries and testis
female: Growth of ovarian follicles. Male:sperm production. |
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anterior pit: luteinizing hormone (LH) target organ and use:
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Thryoid Gland
Growth of tyroid and secretion of thyroid hormone. |
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anterior pit: adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) target organ and use:
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adrenal cortex
Growth of adrenal cortex Secretion of glucocorticoids. |
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anterior pit: prolactin (PRL) target organ and use:
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mammary glands and testicles
female: milk synth male:increased lutenizing hormone (LH) sensitivity. |
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anterior pit: growth hormone (GH) target organ and use:
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basically almost everywhere.
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posterior pit: antidiuretic hormone (ADH) target organ and use:
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kidneys
water retention. |
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posterior pit: oxytocin (OT) target organ and use:
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uterus, mammary, labor contractions, milk release, ejactulation, sperm transport, sex,bonding.
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are somatropes the most numerous cells of the pituitary?
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yes.
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dies growth hrmone (GH) stimulate mitosis and ceullular differentiation?
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yes.
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what is an axis?
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this term describes the chain of events from hypothyroid to pituitary to target organ.
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does the hypothalamus trigger ACTH secretion during stress?
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yes, this leads to the secretion of cortisol and the mobilization of tissue repair mechanisms.
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what does neuroendocrine reflexes control?
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the posterior pituitary gland.
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what are neuroendocrine reflexes?
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the release of hormones in response to signals from teh nervous sytem.
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what is an example of a neuroendocrine reflex?
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dehydration raises osmolarity of blood, is detected by hypothalamic neurons (osmoreceptors) to trigger anti-diuretic release. (ADH).
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what are insulin-like growth factors?
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IGF-I and IGF-II created by the liber and other tissues.
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does IGF prolonge the action of GH Growth hormone?
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yes.
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do all growth hormones have a half life?
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yes.
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what is a half life?
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the time it tkaes for 1/2 of the hormone to be clared from teh blood.
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what are teh 4 mechanisms of the IGF and GH interaction?
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1. protein synthesis
2. lipid metabolism. 3. carb metabolism. 4. electroylte balance. |
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where is the pineal gland located?
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attached to the roof of the 3rd ventricle of the brain.
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what does the pineal gland look like?
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a pine cone.
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what hormone does teh pineal gland make?
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melatonin.
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what does melatonin do?
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controls day night cycles. possibly starts puberty.
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what 3 systems doe sthe thymus play a role in?
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endocrine
lympthatic immune. |
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is the thymus large in kids but small in adults?
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yes.
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where is the thymus located in relation to the heart?
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superior.
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what does the thymus gland do?
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regulates and activates t-lymphocytes.
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what 3 hormones are released by the thymus?
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thymopoietin
thymosin and thymulin. |
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does the thymus have a role to play in the immune system?
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yes.
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is the thyroid gland the largest endocrine gland in the hyman body?
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yes.
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is the thyroid the only gland to store hormones in large quantities?
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yes, up to 3 months.
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the thyroid is shaped like this kind of bug and is wrapped around what,
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butter fly and the treachea.
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what bit of tissue joins both sides of the thyroid?
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the isthmus.
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does the thyroid affect vitually every cell in the body?
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yes.
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what does teh thyroid not affect?
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adult brain, spleen, nuts, uterus, and the tyroid gland.
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what is the primary effect of the thyroid gland?
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to increase metabolic rate.
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what are the sacs that primarily form the thyroid?
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thyroid follicles.
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what are thyroid follicles?
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sacks in the thyroid that secrete hormones.
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what are thyroid follicles lined with?
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follicular cells.
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what do the follicular cells in the thyroid secrete?
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T3 (tetraoidthyronine) and
T4 (tetraidothyronine or thyroixin). |
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what is T3?
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triiodothyronine.
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what is T4?
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tetraiodothyronine or thyroxin.
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what is more active in the thyroid T3 or T4?
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T3.
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is T4 more secreted than T3 by the tyroid?
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yes, but the target cells converts T4 to T3.
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does the thyroid gland promote metabollic rate.
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yes... muh glands.
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in the thyroid what does the calcitonin hormone do?
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promotes deposition of calcium in the bone matrix for bone formation. stimulates osteoblasts.
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what do osteoblasts do?
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make bone.
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where are the 4 parathyroid glands located?
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on the surface of the thyroid, posterior.
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do parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
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yes.
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what does parathyroid (PTH) hormone do?
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promotes intestinal reabsorption, inhibits urinary excretion
helps neuron transportation stimulates clotting and osteoclasts. |
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does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimuate osteoclasts?
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yes.
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what are osteoclasts?
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breaks down bone.
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where is the adrenal glands located?
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on top of the kidneys like a cute little hat.
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what are the 2 layers of the adrenal gland?
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adrenal cortex and the medulla.
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what is the adrenal cortex?
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the outer part of the adrenal gland.
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what is the adrenal medulla?
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the inner part of the adrenal gland.
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what is the function of the adrenal gland?
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to help the body cope with stress.
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what type of cells are the adrenal medulla made of?
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modified postganglionic neurons.
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is the adrenal medulla activated by sympathetic innervation?
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yes.
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example of what could activate the adrenal medulla.
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fear pain stress.
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what 2 hormones are released by the adrenal medulla? and what %.
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epinephrine 80
norepinephrine 20. |
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does the adrenal cortex produce 25 steroid hormones?
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yes.
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what are the 2 main steroid hormones the adrenal cortex makes known as.
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corticoids or corticosteroids.
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what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex from superficial to deep?
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zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata zona reticularis. |
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adrenal cortex: what type of steroid does the zona glomerulosa secrete?
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mineralcorticoids such as aldosterone.
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adrenal cortex: what type of steroid does the zona fasciculata secrete?
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glucocorticoids such as cortisol.
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adrenal cortex: what type of steroid does the zona reticularis secrete?
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androgens.
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what does cortisol do?
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aids in stress.
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what does androgen do?
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sex hormone stuff.
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is the pancrease an elongated spongy gland located below and behind the stomach?
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yes.
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the pancrease is primarily an exocrine gland used in what process?
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digestion.
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does the pancrease also have endocrine functions as well as exocrine functions?
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yes, but very little. about 2% of the cells do this.
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what cells in the pancrease function as endocrine?
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islets of langerhans.
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what 3 types of cells are in the islets of langerhans?
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alpha beta and delta.
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islets of langerhans: alpha cells secrete what?
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glucagon.
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islets of langerhans: beta cells secrete what?
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insulin.
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islets of langerhans: delta cells secrete what?
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somatostatin.
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what does glucagon do?
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stimulates the release of glucose into system. raising glucose level.
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what does insulin do?
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sitmulates cells to absorb glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. lowers glucose level.
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what does somatosin do?
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inhibits growth hormone as well as digestive enzyme and nutrient absorbtion.
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what are the 2 gonads?
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testes and ovaries.
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what do the gonads do?
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produce sex hormones.
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testosterone is male:
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yes.
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estrogen is female?
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yes.
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are gonads both endocrine and exocrine?
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yes.
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testes exocrine produce...
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sperm.
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