Anatomy 2 Exam 4 Day 2

Front 1

What type of cells in the Juxtaglomerular apparaturs respond to an increase in NaCl to release vasoconstricting chemical?

Back 1

Macula Densa Cells

Front 2

Descirbe two things that are present under normal conditions in the Extrinsic Controls of the Sympathetic nervous system?

Back 2

1. Renal blood vessels dilated.
2. Renal auto regulation mechanisms prevail

Front 3

Describe 3 things that are present during extreme stress in the extrinsic controls of the Sympathetic nervous system.

Back 3

1. Norepinephrine - released by SNS
2. Epinephrine - released by adrenal medulla
3. Both cause constriction of afferent arterioles, inhibiting filtratrion and triggering release of renin

Front 4

When does the renin-angiogensis mechanism kick in?

Back 4

Triggered when the granular cells of the JGA release renin.

Front 5

What are the 3 triggers for renin relase by the granular cells?

Back 5

1. Reduced stretch of granular cells (Map< 80)
2. Stimulation of granular cells by activated macula densa cells
3. Direct stimulation of granular cells by renal nerves

Front 6

What are the 5 effects of Angiotensin 2?

Back 6

1. Constricts arteriolar smooth muscle = map rise
2. Stimulates reabsorption of Na+
3. Stimulates hypothalamus
4. Constricts efferent arterioles
5. Causes glomerular mesangial cells contraction

Front 7

What happens when angiotensin stimulates reabsorption of Na+? 2 things.

Back 7

1. Direct action on renal tubules
2. Causes adrenal cortex - release aldosterone

Front 8

What happens when Angiotensin 2 stimulates the hypothalamus?

Back 8

Releases ADH which activates thirst center

Front 9

What happens when Angiotensin 2 constricts the efferent arterioles?

Back 9

Decerease per tubular capillary hydrostatic pressure which increases fluid reabsorption

Front 10

What happens when Angiotensin 2 causes glomerular mesangial cells to contract?

Back 10

Decreases surface area for filtration

Front 11

What does Prostaglandin E2, and what does it do?

Back 11

Vasodilater
Counteracts vasoconstriction by norepinephrine and angiogensis 2

Front 12

What does Intrarenal angiogensis 2 do?

Back 12

Reinforces effects of hormonal angiogenesis 2

Front 13

What is Adenosine?

Back 13

A vasoconstrictor of renal vasculature

Front 14

What basically happens in tubular reabsorption? 2 things

Back 14

1. It's a selective transepithelial process where all organic nutrients are reabsorbed.
2. Water and ion reabsorption is hormonally regulated

Front 15

Where does the transcellular route of tubular reabsorption happen at?

Back 15

Luminal membranes
Cytosol
Basolateral membranes of tubules

Front 16

Where does the paracellular route of tubular reabsorption happen at? And what is absorbed?

Back 16

Between cells
Water
Ca2+
Mg2+
K+
some Na+

Front 17

Explain what transport maximum, (Tm) is.

Back 17

Number of carriers in renal tubules available

Front 18

Explain what saturated carriers is.

Back 18

Excess secreted

Front 19

How is water reabsorbed?

Back 19

By osmosis

Front 20

How are cations and fat-soluble substances reabsorbed?

Back 20

Diffusion

Front 21

What are the 4 attributes of reabsorptive capabilities in the PCT?

Back 21

1. 65% of Na+ and water
2. All nutrients
3. Ions
4. Small proteins

Front 22

What are the 2 attributes of reabsorptive capabilities in the Loop of Henle?

Back 22

1. Descending limb: Water
2. Ascending limb: Na+, K+, Cl-

Front 23

What are the mechanisms of Aldosterone in the DCT, and collecting ducts, etc? 3 things

Back 23

1. Targets collecting ducts (principal cells) and distal DCT
2. Promotes synthesis of luminal Na+ and K+ channels
3. Promotes synthesis of basolacteral Na+, K+, ATPases

Front 24

What 5 things are secreted in the tubular secretion?

Back 24

1. K+
2. H+
3. NH4+
4. Creatinine
5. Organic acids

Front 25

What 3 things does Tubular secretion help our body do?

Back 25

1. Eliminates bad things that have been passively reabsorbed (e.g. urea and uric acid)
2. Rids body of excess K+
3. Controls blood pH by altering amounts of H+ or HCO3 in urine

Front 26

What is osmolality?

Back 26

Reflects the ability to cause osmosis

Front 27

How is osmolality expressed in body fluids?

Back 27

mOsm, or milksops

Front 28

What is the osmolality in the kidneys plasma?

Back 28

300 mOsm

Front 29

What is the countercurrent multiplier in the Loop of Henle descending limb? and what does it do?

Back 29

1200 mOsm, and allows free permeability to H20 out of filtrate

Front 30

Where does Urea move between? Two parts

Back 30

Between collecting ducts and Loop of Henle

Front 31

Where is Urea secreted?

Back 31

Facilitated diffusion in the ascending segment

Front 32

Where is Urea reabsorbed?

Back 32

Facilitated diffusion in collecting ducts

Front 33

What 3 things does the Vasa Recta do?

Back 33

1. Maintain osmotic gradient
2. Deliver blood to medullary tissues
3. Protect mudllary osmotic gradient

Front 34

Where does the formation of Dilute Urine happen at?

Back 34

Filtrate is diluted in ascending loop of Henle

Front 35

What has to be absent for the formation of Dilute Urine to happen?

Back 35

ADH

Front 36

What 2 things does the formation of Concentrated Urine depend on?

Back 36

1. Medullary osmotic gradient
2. ADH

Front 37

When concentrated urine is formed, facultative water reabsorption occurs, causing what?

Back 37

99% of H2O in the filtrate is reabsorbed

Front 38

What is Renal Clearance?

Back 38

Volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance in a given time

Front 39

What 3 things is Renal Clearance tests used for?

Back 39

1. Determine GFR
2. Detect glomerular damage
3. Follow progress of renal disease

Front 40

What are the 3 color and transparency attributes of Urine?

Back 40

1. Clear pale to deep yellow
2. Drugs, vitamin supplements, and diet can alter color
3. Cloudy urine may indicate UTI

Front 41

What are the 3 odor characteristics of Urine?

Back 41

1. Slightly aromatic when fresh
2. Develops ammonia odor upon standing
3. May be altered by some drugs and vegetables

Front 42

Why is our urine generally yellow colored?

Back 42

Urochrome

Front 43

What are the 2 physical characteristics of Urine? (ph, etc)

Back 43

1. Slight acidic with a ph average of 6, but can be 4.5 to 8.0
2. Specific gravity of urine is 1.001 to 1.035 and is dependent on solute concetration

Front 44

How much water is in urine, what percentage?

Back 44

95%

Front 45

What 3 nitrogenous wastes are in Urine?

Back 45

Urea
Uric acid
Creatinine

Front 46

What 7 other solutes are normally found in urine?

Back 46

Na+ - Sodium
K+ - Potassium
Po43- - Phosphate
SO42- Sulfate
Ca2+ - Calcium
Mg2+ - Magnesium
HCO3- - Bicarbonate