Anatomy 2 Exam 3 Day 4

Front 1

What are the 3 divisions of the small intestine?

Back 1

1. Duodenum
2. Jejunum
3. Ileum

Front 2

What is known as the bile duct and the pancreatic duct enter called?

Back 2

Duodenum

Front 3

What are the 3 surface areas of the duodenum? And what are they important for?

Back 3

1. Circular folds
2. Villi
3. Microvilli
Absorption

Front 4

Which area makes enzymes in the duodenum?

Back 4

Microvilli

Front 5

What type of glands secrete alkaline mucus?

Back 5

Dudoenal Brunner's Glands

Front 6

What do the intestinal juices trigger?

Back 6

Distension or irritation of mucosa

Front 7

What are the intestinal juices made of?

Back 7

Slightly alkaline, and isotonic with blood plasma.
Largely H2O, enzyme-poor, contains mucus.

Front 8

What do the intestinal juices do?

Back 8

Transportation and absorption.

Front 9

What are the 3 associated structures with the liver?

Back 9

1. Lesser omentum - anchors
2. Hepatic artery and vein
3. Bile ducts

Front 10

What are the 3 different ducts in the liver?

Back 10

1. Common hepatic duct
2. Cystic duct
3. Bile duct

Front 11

What do the liver lobules do?

Back 11

Filter and process nutrient rich blood.
Longitudinal central vein.

Front 12

What is the portal triad consist of? 3 things

Back 12

1. Bile duct
2. Portal arteriole from hepatic anatomy
3. Hepatic venule from hepatic plates

Front 13

Microscopically, what is the liver made of? 4 things

Back 13

1. Liver lobules
2. Portal triad
3. Liver sinusoids
4. Kupffer cells in liver sinusoids

Front 14

What are the kupffer cells?

Back 14

Hepatic macrophages

Front 15

What 4 functions does the Hepatocyte have?

Back 15

1. Process blood borne nutrients
2. Store fat soluble vitamins
3. Detoxification
4. Produce bile 900ml/day

Front 16

What 3 things is bile made of?

Back 16

1. Bile salts
2. Bilirubin
3. Cholesterol

Front 17

What role does bile salts have?

Back 17

Fat emulsification and absorption

Front 18

What role does bilirubin have?

Back 18

Pigment from heme

Front 19

What role does cholesterol have in bile?

Back 19

Neutral fats, phospholipids, electrolytes.

Front 20

What does the gall bladder do?

Back 20

Stores and concentrates bile, absorbs water and ions.

Front 21

What two different types of functions does the pancreas have?

Back 21

Endocrine
Exocrine

Front 22

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

Back 22

Pancreatic islets - insulin and glucagon

Front 23

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

Back 23

1. Acini - (clustered secretory cells) make pancreatic juice
2. Zymogen granules of secretory cells - digestive enzymes

Front 24

What are the pancreatic juices made of? 3 things

Back 24

1. Alkaline - neutralizes chyme
2. Electrolytes - Primarily HCO3
3. Enzymes

Front 25

What 3 different types of enzymes are there in the pancreatic juices?

Back 25

1. Amylase
2. Lipases
3. Nucleases

Front 26

What 2 things stimulate bile secretion?

Back 26

1. Bile salts in enterohepatic circulation
2. Secretin from intestinal cells exposed to HCl and fatty chyme

Front 27

What 2 things is the gall bladder contraction triggered by?

Back 27

1. Cholecytokinin (CCK) from intestinal cells exposed to proteins and fat in chyme
2. Vagal stimulation

Front 28

What causes hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxation?

Back 28

CCK

Front 29

What 3 things promotes pancreatic secretion?

Back 29

1. CCK induces the secretion of enzyme - rich pancreatic juice by Acini
2. Secretin causes secretion of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice by duct cells
3. Vagal stimulation also causes release of pancreatic juice (minor stimulus)

Front 30

What 2 things does chyme contain?

Back 30

1.Partially digested carbohydrates and proteins
2. undigested fats

Front 31

What are the 5 ways of motility in the small intestine?

Back 31

1. Segmentation - mixes and moves contents slowly and steadily toward ileocecal valve
2. Peristalsis - waves
3. Local enteric neurons coordinates motility
4. Ileocecal sphincter relaxes
5. Ileocecal valve flaps close to stop backflow

Front 32

What are the 3 unique features of the large intestine?

Back 32

1. Teniae coli: 3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in muscularis
2. Haustra: sacs caused by tone of teniae coli
3. Epiploic appendages: fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum

Front 33

What are the 4 sections of the colon?

Back 33

1. Ascending colon (from small intestine) - ^
2. Transverse colon - >
3. Descending colon - v
4. Sigmoid colon (to rectum) - <

Front 34

What is the last segment of the large intestine called?

Back 34

Anal canal

Front 35

What do the rectal valves do?

Back 35

Stop feces from being passed with gas

Front 36

What is the internal anal sphincter made of?

Back 36

smooth muscle

Front 37

What is the external anal sphincter?

Back 37

Skeletal

Front 38

Where does the bacterial flora enter from?

Back 38

Small intestine or anus

Front 39

What does the bacterial flora do? 4 things

Back 39

1. Colonize colon
2. Ferment indigestible carbohydrates
3. Release irritating acids and gases
4. Synthesize B complex vitamins and vitamin K

Front 40

What are the 2 major functions of the large intestine?

Back 40

1. Vitamins, water and electrolytes reclaimed
2. Major = propulsion of feces toward anus

Front 41

Which part of our digestive system is not essential for life?

Back 41

Colon

Front 42

What are the 3 different types of chemical digestion?

Back 42

1. Catabolic
2. Enzymatic
3. Hydrolysis

Front 43

What are the 3 different basic types of digestive enzymes?

Back 43

1. Salivary amylase
2. pancreatic amylase
3. Brush border enzymes

Front 44

What are the 5 different types of specific brush border enzymes?

Back 44

1. dextrinase
2. glucoamylase
3. lactase
4. maltase
5. sucrase

Front 45

What vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine? 3?

Back 45

1. Fat soluble vitamins (A,D, E & K)
2. Water soluble vitamins ( C & B)
3. B12

Front 46

How is fat soluble vitamins absorbed into the small intestine?

Back 46

Directly in through absorptive cells, carried by micelles.

Front 47

How is water soluble vitamins absorbed in the small intestine?

Back 47

Absorbed by diffusion, or passive, or active transporters

Front 48

How is B12 absorbed in the small intestine? specific term

Back 48

Endocytosis

Front 49

What 2 different specific vitamins are absorbed in the large intestine?

Back 49

K
B vitamins

Front 50

What is special about the B vitamin absorption in the large intestine?

Back 50

It is absorbed through bacterial metabolism

Front 51

Where is electrolyte absorption mainly occur at?

Back 51

Along length of the small intestine.

Front 52

Where is Fe+, and Ca+ absorbed at?

Back 52

Duodenum

Front 53

Where is Na+ absorbed at?

Back 53

With glucose and amino acids

Front 54

Where is Fe+ absorbed at?

Back 54

Stored in mucosal cells with ferritin

Front 55

Where is K+ absorbed at?

Back 55

It diffuses in response to osmotic gradients.

Front 56

What is Ca2+ absorption regulated by?

Back 56

Vitamin D and PTH

Front 57

Where is water absorption mainly done at in the body?

Back 57

95% in the small intestine by osmosis