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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is pulmonary ventilation?
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breathing
air into and out of lungs |
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What is internal respiration?
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O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
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What are the functional anatomy areas of respiration? 6 areas
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1. nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
2. pharynx (behind face) 3. larynx (make you loud) 4. trachea 5. bronchi and their branches 6. lungs and alveoli |
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Explain basically what the respiratory zone in the functional anatomy zones?
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site of gas exchange (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli)
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Explain basically what the conducting zone is in the functional anatomy zones?
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conduits to gas exchange sites (all other respiratory structures)
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Give an example of a respiratory muscle?
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diaphragm
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What is the pitch of your voice determined by?
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length and tension of vocal chords
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Speech is the release of air through the vocals chords by opening the what?
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Glottis
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What structures amplify and enhance sound quality?
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cavities
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Which muscles shape our air exhaled into language?
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pharynx
tongue soft palate lips |
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What is known as the windpipe?
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Trachea
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What are 3 layers of the trachea?
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1. mucosa
2. submucosa 3. adventita |
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How large are the bronchioles?
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>1 mm in diameter
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How large are the terminal bronchioles?
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< .5mm in diameter
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What 3 things make up the respiratory zone?
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1. respiratory bronchioles
2. alveolar ducts 3. alveolar sacs |
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How many alveoli are there?
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300 million
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Which part of the lungs account for most of the volume?
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Alveoli
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What is also known as the air to blood barrier?
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respiratory membrane
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What is the respiratory membrane made of?
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alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
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What keep alveolar surfaces clean?
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Alveolar macrophages
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What do the pulmonary veins do? basic
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carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones to heart
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What do the pulmonary arteries do? basic
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deliver systemic venous blood to lungs/ respiratory zones
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What is the pressure/volume like in the pulmonary circulation?
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low pressure
high volume |
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What is the pressure/volume like in the systemic circulation?
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high pressure
low volume |
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What do the bronchial arteries do?
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deliver oxygenated blood to lung tissue
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What do the bronchial veins do?
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anastamose with pulmonary veins
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What do the pulmonary veins do?
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carry most venous blood back to the heart
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What are the 2 layers of the pleurae?
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perietal pleura
visceral pleura |
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Where is the visceral pleura found at?
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on external lung surface
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Where is the perietal pleura found at?
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on thoracic wall and superior face of diaphragm
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What does pleural fluid do?
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lubricates and provides surface tension
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What are the 2 mechanics of breathing?
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inspiration
expiration |
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What is Patm?
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atmospheric pressure
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What does zero respiratory pressure equal?
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Patm
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What is Ppul
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intrapulmonary pressure
pressure in alveoli |
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What is Pip?
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intraplueral pressure
pressure in pleural cavity, always a negative pressure |
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What happens when Pip=Ppul?
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lungs collapse
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What is an active process? inspiration or exhilation?
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Inspiration
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What are the 5 stages of inspiration?
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1. Inspiratory muscles contract
2. thoracic volume increases 3. lungs are stretched - intrapulmonary volume increases (in alveoli) 4. intrapulmonary pressure drops (to -1 mm Hg) 5. air flows into lungs, down its pressure gradient, until Ppul = Patm ??? Ppul is greater than Patm, but drops during inspiration until equalizes?? |
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What are the 5 stages of exhilation?
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1. inspiratory muscles relax
2. thoracic cavity volume decreases 3. elastic lungs recoil and intrapulmonary volume decreases 4. Ppul rises (to +1 mmHg) 5. Air flows out of lungs down pressure gradient until Ppul = 0 |
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What 3 things must inspiratory muscles overcome to breathe?
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1. airway resistance
2. alveolar surface tension 3. lung compliance |
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Which drug can dilate bronchioles?
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Epinephrine
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What basically occurs during acute asthma attacks?
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severe constriction or obstruction of bronchioles
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What produces surfactant?
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type II alveolar cells
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What is surfactant?
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- detergent like lipid and protein complex
- reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid - discourages alveolar collapse |
