Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 4

Front 1

How many different blood proteins are there?

Back 1

20

Front 2

How does complement kill bacteria?

Back 2

Lysis

Front 3

What are the 2 pathways for Complement activation?

Back 3

Classical
Alternative

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Front 4

What does activated complement do?

Back 4

1. Enhances inflammation
2. Promotes phagocytosis
3. Causes cell lysis

Front 5

What causes a fever?

Back 5

Leukocytes and macrophages secrete pyrogens to increase the body temp.

Front 6

What are the positive side effects of a fever?

Back 6

1. Liver and Spleen sequester Iron and Zinc so microorganisms can't get them.
2. Increases metabolic rate

Front 7

What does our adaptive defense system help us against?

Back 7

1. Protects against infectious agents and abnormal cell bodies
2. Amplifies inflammatory response.
3. Activates compliment

Front 8

What type of immunity is antibody mediated?

Back 8

Humoral immunity

Front 9

What are antogens?

Back 9

Substances that can provoke and immune response.

Front 10

What do antogens look like?

Back 10

Most are large, complex molecules not normally found in body. (nonself)

Front 11

What two properties do complete antigens have that make them important?

Back 11

1. Immunogenicity: can stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibodies.

2. Reactivity: can react with products of activated lymphocytes and antibodies released

Front 12

What are Haptens basically?

Back 12

Small molecules, peptides, nucleotides, and hormones.

Front 13

When are Haptens immunogenic?

Back 13

When they are attached to body proteins.

Front 14

What do Haptens cause to the immune system?

Back 14

Causes it to mount an attack.

Front 15

What are some examples of Haptens?

Back 15

poison ivy
animal dander

Front 16

What parts of an antigen are immunogenic?

Back 16

Antigenic Determinants

Front 17

Where are self-antigens found at cellwise?

Back 17

On the surface of the cell

Front 18

What are self-antigens made of?

Back 18

Protein

Front 19

What mounts an immune response when it comes to transfusions or transplants?

Back 19

Self-Antigens

Front 20

What are B cell lymphocytes known for?

Back 20

Humoral immunity

Front 21

What are t cell lymphocytes known for?

Back 21

Cell mediated immunity

Front 22

What doe APC stand for?

Back 22

Antigen Presenting Cells

Front 23

Where do lymphocytes originate from?

Back 23

Red bone marrow

Front 24

Where do B cells mature at?

Back 24

Red bone marrow

Front 25

Where do T cells mature at?

Back 25

Thymus

Front 26

Where do T cells mature at?

Back 26

Thymus

Front 27

When lymphocytes mature, what 2 things do they have?

Back 27

Immunocompetence
Self-tolerance - unresponsive to self antigens

Front 28

What does the positive selection pressure mean when it comes to T cells?

Back 28

Selects capable of binding to self-MHC proteins

Front 29

What does negative selection mean when it comes to T cells?

Back 29

Prompts cell death to T cells that bind to self antigens displayed on self-MHC

Front 30

What is apoptosis?

Back 30

The time that a cell has left before it dies.

Front 31

What do self reactive B cells do?

Back 31

Eliminated by apoptosis
Undergo receptor editing

Front 32

How many different types of antigen receptors do Lymphocytes have?

Back 32

Up to a billion.

Front 33

What determines which foreign substances immune system will recognize and resist?

Back 33

Genes

Front 34

What do APCs do?

Back 34

Engulf antigens

Front 35

What are the 3 major types of APCs?

Back 35

1. Dendritic Cells
2. Macrophages
3. B cells

Front 36

What do the macrophages and dendritic cells do?

Back 36

1. Present antigens and activate T cells.

Front 37

Where are the macrophages generally found?

Back 37

Lymphoid organs.

Front 38

What do Dendritic cells do to pathogens?

Back 38

1. They internalize them
2. Enter lymphatics to present it to the T cells in lymphoid organs

Front 39

What do activated T cells do?

Back 39

Release chemicals that prod macrophages to become phagocytes and to secrete bactericidal chemicals.

Front 40

What is the first challenge for your antigens?

Back 40

1st encounter between an antigen and a naive immunocompetent lymphocyte.

Front 41

On first encounter, if the lymphocyte is a B cell, what happens?

Back 41

1. Antigen provokes a humoral immune response.
2. Antibodies are produced.

Front 42

What are the 3 basic steps to Clonal Selection?

Back 42

1. B cells activated and bound to surface receptors to cross-link.
2. B cell engulfs the antigen.
3. Stimulates B cell growth to form more B cells that recognize the antigen, make copies of itself to make a big army.

Front 43

What do most clones of the B cells become?

Back 43

Plasma cells
Secrete specific antibodies at the rate of 2000 molecules per second for 4-5 days.

Front 44

What 3 things do the secreted antibodies do?
From B cell cloned plasma cells

Back 44

1. Circulate in blood or lymph
2. Bind to free antigens
3. Mark antigens for destruction

Front 45

What do clone cells become that do not become plasma cells?

Back 45

They become memory cells that provide
1. Immunological memory
2. Mount an immediate response to future exposures of the same antigen

Front 46

What is the primary immune response?

Back 46

Immunological Memory

Front 47

When is the peak level of plasma antibodies reached for an immunological memory response?

Back 47

10 days

Front 48

On our second exposure to antigen, what time is needed for peak levels of the antibody?
How long does the antibody level remain high for?

Back 48

1. 2-3 days
2. weeks to months