Anatomy 2 Exam 2 Day 3

Front 1

What are the 2 intrinsic systems of the Immune system?

Back 1

Innate
Adaptive

Front 2

What is the basic definition of the Innate immune system?

Back 2

Nonspecific defense system

Front 3

What is the basic definition of the Adaptive Immune system?

Back 3

Specific defense system

Front 4

Which immune system stops stuff from getting into our body?

Back 4

Innate

Front 5

What are the 2 lines of defense with the Innate defense system?

Back 5

1st - external body membranes(skin and mucosae)
2nd - antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells.

Front 6

What do the antimicrobial proteins, and phagocytes do? 2 things?

Back 6

1. Inhibit spread of invaders
2. Inflammation - its most important mechanism

Front 7

What is the 3rd line of defense in our immune system? Basic term

Back 7

Adaptive defense system

Front 8

What is the slowest reacting system in the immune system?

Back 8

Adaptive defense system, the 3rd line of defense.

Front 9

What are the 3 surface barriers of the Innate defenses?

Back 9

Skin, mucous membranes, and their secretions.

Front 10

What is keratin resistant to?

Back 10

Weak acids and basesa
Bacterial enzymes
Toxins

Front 11

What is the chemical found in our skin, nails, hair that protects us?

Back 11

Keratin

Front 12

What 5 protective chemicals do we have?

Back 12

Skin acidity
Lipids sweat
Acid and ezymes of stomach mucosae
Lysozyme of saliva and lacrimal fluid
Mucus

Front 13

What are the 2 surface barriers in the respiratory system?

Back 13

1. Mucus-coated nose hairs
2. Cilia of upper respiratory tract

Front 14

What does the Cilia of the upper respiratory tract do?

Back 14

Sweeps dust/bacteria-laden mucus from lower respiratory passages

Front 15

What are the 5 defenses if cells get into our body?

Back 15

1. Phagocytes
2. Natural killer cells (NK)
3. Inflammatory response
4. Antimicrobial proteins
5. Fever

Front 16

What does a fever basically do?

Back 16

Raises our body temperature to make our internal environment not nice to stay in.

Front 17

What do phagocytes develop from?

Back 17

Monocytes

Front 18

What are the two types of phagocytes?

Back 18

Free
Fixed

Front 19

Where do free macrophages travel?

Back 19

Wander thru tissue spaces, lymph, blood, etc.

Front 20

Where do the fixed macrophages travel?

Back 20

Permanently in some organs.
Kupffer cells in liver
Microglia in brain

Front 21

When do Neutrophils become phagocytic?

Back 21

When they encounter an infectious material

Front 22

What are the 5 steps to Phagocytosis?

Back 22

1. Phagocyte adheres to pathogen.
2. Phagocyte forms pseudopods forming a phagosome.
3. Lysosome fuses with phagocytic vessicle and forms a phagolysosome.
4. Lysosomal enzymes digest particles and leaves a residual body.
5. Exocytosis

Front 23

What are pseudopods on a phagocyte?

Back 23

Feet/arms that are formed that engulf other cells.

Front 24

What are the 4 ways a phagocyte destroys invaders?

Back 24

1. Acidification/digestion by lysosomal enzymes.
2. Respiratory burst
3. Oxidizing chemical(hydrogen peroxide)
4. Defensins(neutrophils)

Front 25

What type of cells are the Natural Killer cells? Shape wise

Back 25

Large granular lymphoctyes

Front 26

What do the Natural Killer cells do?

Back 26

1. Target cells that lack cell-surface receptors.
2. Induce apoptosis(cancer and virus-infected cells)
3. Secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response.

Front 27

What is apoptosis?

Back 27

Natural programming time of when a cell dies.

Front 28

When does an inflammatory response activated?

Back 28

Whenever tissues are injured or infected

Front 29

What 3 things does the inflammatory response do?

Back 29

1. Prevents spread of damaging agents.
2. Disposes of cell debris and pathogens.
3. Sets stage for repair.

Front 30

What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

Back 30

1. Redness
2. Heat
3. Swelling
4. Pain

Front 31

What do TLR's do on macrophages and epithelial cells?

Back 31

1. Recognize certain infecting microbes
2. Activated TLRs trigger release of cytokines

Front 32

What do cytokines do?

Back 32

Promote inflammation

Front 33

What 2 things does inflammatory chemicals cause?

Back 33

1. Arteriole dialation - hyperemia
2. increased permeability of local capillaries and edema

Front 34

What is edema?

Back 34

Exduate leakage.

Front 35

What does exduate contain?

Back 35

Proteins
Clotting factors
Antibodies

Front 36

What are the 4 steps in Phagocyte Mobilization?

Back 36

1. Leukocytosis
2. Margination
3. Diapedesis
4. Chemotaxis

Front 37

Describe Leukocytosis.

Back 37

Release of neutrophils from bone marrow

Front 38

Describe Margination

Back 38

Neutrophils cling to walls of capillaries in inflamed area

Front 39

Describe Diapedesis

Back 39

Neutrophils: leaking from vessels

Front 40

Describe Chemotaxis.

Back 40

Chemotactic agent promote positive chemotaxis of neutrophils

Front 41

What are Interferons?

Back 41

Antimicrobial proteins that either kill or impact the reproductive success of the invading cells.

Front 42

What are the steps of the IFNs?

Back 42

1. Viral-infected cells to activate and secrete IFNs
2. IFNs enter neighboring cells
3. Neighboring cells produce antiviral proteins that block viral reproduction

Front 43

Where are IFNs produced?

Back 43

By a variety of body cells

Front 44

What are the 3 functions of the Interferons?

Back 44

1. Anti-viral
2. Reduce inflammation
3. Activate macrophages/mobilize NK cells