Anatomy 2

Front 1

Sub disciplines of Anatomy

Back 1

gross, regional, systemic, surface, microscopic, developmental, embryology, pathological, radiographic, functional morphology

Front 2

The hierarchy of structural organization

Back 2

chemical->cellular->tissue-> organ->organ system-> organismal level

Front 3

Tissue level (4 types)

Back 3

-epithelial: covers/lines

-connective : supports/protects organs

-muscle: provides movement

-nervous: fast communication through electrical pulses

Front 4

12 organ systems

Back 4

integumentary (skin), skeletal (blood cells formed in bones/stores minerals), muscular (produces heat), nervous (activates appropriate muscles/glands), endocrine (secretes hormones-growth, reproduction, nutrient use, metabolism), cardiovascular (pumps/carries oxygen, co2, and nutrients), reproductive

Front 5

12 organ systems

Back 5

lymphatic (picks up fluid leaked from b.v. & returns it to the blood), immune (house wbc involved in immunity, attacks system against foreign substances), respiratory (keeps blood supplied with oxygen &removes co2), digestive (indigestible food are eliminated as feces), urinary (eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water, electrolytes, & acid-base balance of blood)

Front 6

regional terms

Back 6

axial and appendicular

Front 7

1. saggital plane

2. parasaggital plane

3. median/midsaggital plane

Back 7

1. divides body into L & R

2. to the side of the midline

3. exactly the midline

Front 8

1. frontal plane/coronal

2. transverse plane

Back 8

1. anterior/posterior

ventral/dorsal

2. superior/anterior

Front 9

Prone

supine

Back 9

laying on belly

laying on back

Front 10

inner and outer tubes

Back 10

inner- mouth->anus, includes respiratory/digestive organs

axial skeleton/muscles (head, neck, trunk: pelvis, abdomen, thorax), shows evidence of segmentation

Front 11

Body cavities

Back 11

dorsal, ventral- house/support organs, compartmentalize organs, diseases cannot spread

Front 12

dorsal

Back 12

subdivided into:

cranial cavity (encases brain)

vertebral canal (runs through the vertebral column to enclose the spinal cord)

Front 13

ventral organs

Back 13

lungs, heart, intestines, kidneys (visceral organs)

Front 14

visceral organs (viscera)

Back 14

internal organs of the chest and abdomen

Front 15

ventral divisions

Back 15

thoracic cavity - superior (toward the head), surrounded by the ribs&muscles of the chest wall

------diaphragm separates-----

abdominopelvic cavity- inferior, surrounded by abdominal wall and pelvic girdle

Front 16

thoracic cavity

Back 16

3 parts

pleural cavity- around the lung

mediastinum- central band of organs, contains the heart and is surrounded by...

pericardial cavity- houses other major thoracic organs such as the esophagus/trachea around the heart

Front 17

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 17

2 parts

abdominal cavity- superior (toward head) contains liver, stomach, kidneys and other organs

pelvic cavity- inferior (away from the head) contrains bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

Front 18

serous membranes

Back 18

pleura (lung), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdominal viscera)

line the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, double layer, secretes serous fluid, cover visceral organs, reduces friction

Front 19

parietal serosa

Back 19

lines cavity

Front 20

visceral serosa

Back 20

lines organ (lung, heart, abdominal viscera)

Front 21

dif types of serous cavities/membranes

Back 21

parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium, parietal pleura, visceral pleura, parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum

parietal serosa is continuous with the visceral serosa

Front 22

body membranes

Back 22

cover, separate, support visceral organs/line body cavities

Front 23

cutaneous membrane

synovial membrane

mucous membrane

Back 23

skin-dry membrane but secretes oil

lining of movable joints

secrete mucus (lube/protection) *respiratory/digestive systems

Front 24

abduction

adduction

Front 25

flexion

extension

Front 26

rotation

Back 26

body part that moves around the axis (transverse plane)

Front 27

pronation

supination

Front 28

inversion

eversion

Front 29

plantar flexion

dorsiflexion

Front 30

circumduction

Front 31

opposition

Front 32

elevation

depression

Front 33

dilate

constrict

Front 34

bone features

Back 34

cavities- soft tissues- arteries, veins, nerves

articulations- areas with cartilage

projections- attachment points for tendons and ligaments

Front 35

skeleton

Back 35

bones, cartilage, joints (articulations, ligaments)

Front 36

appendicular skeleton

Back 36

bones of the upper/lower limbs

Front 37

joint

Back 37

two bones connect

Front 38

origin

Back 38

attaches to stationary bone usually proximal (nearer to the center of the body)

Front 39

insertion

Back 39

attaches to moveable bone usually distal (farther from the center of the body)

Front 40

actions

Back 40

the action of a muscle can be inferred by the position of the muscle relative to the joint it crosses

Front 41

compact bone

Back 41

riddles with passageways for blood vessel/nerves

Front 42

osteon/haversian system

Back 42

long, cylindral structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone and to the main compression stresses

Front 43

lamella

Back 43

a layer of bone matric in which collagen fibers/mineral crystals align and run in a single direction

Front 44

vertebrates share these

Back 44

1. tube with in a tube body plan 2. bilateral symmetry 3. dorsal hollow nerve cord 4. notochord & vertebrae 5. segmentation 6. pharyngeal pouches

Front 45

medial/lateral rotation