Anatomy 2 25-27

Front 1

metabolism is best described as

Back 1

synthesis of macromolecules breakdown of macromolecules and control of enzyme activity

Front 2

the most important outcome of cellular respiration is

Back 2

ATP energy water heat

Front 3

ATP is where

Back 3

chemical energy is stored in living cells.

Front 4

A person becomes hungry after he has not eaten for a time because of

Back 4

low glucose levels detected by neurons in hypothalamus

Front 5

uncontrolled ketoisis ultimately will result in

Back 5

acidosis lower blood ph inhibits nervous system leads to comma or death

Front 6

ammonia produced by deamination is converted by the liver into less toxic substance called

Back 6

urea

Front 7

which of the following produces most heat

Back 7

catabolism

Front 8

the principal result of glucose metabolism is

Back 8

the production of ATP H20 Co2

Front 9

basal metabolic rate is a measurement of the body's energy needed when its at

Back 9

rest

Front 10

the formation of glycogen from glucose is called

Back 10

glycogenesis

Front 11

before fatty acids can be oxidized by means of the krebs cycle they must be converted into

Back 11

acetal coenzyme A

Front 12

before fatty acids can be utilized as fuel they are degraded by beta oxidation to molecules of

Back 12

acetal coenzyme A

Front 13

Excess protein taken into the body will be

Back 13

converted to fat by the liver

Front 14

carbon dioxide plus ammonia forms

Back 14

urea

Front 15

most biological oxidations are

Back 15

dehydrogenation

Front 16

conversion of NAD1 to NADH and H1 is

Back 16

reduction when you add hydrogen to a molecule (breakdown catabolism)

Front 17

the function of coenzyme A in glucose metabolism is

Back 17

carry 2 carbon molecules into kreb cycle

Front 18

the primary significance of the krebs cycle in term of ATP production is

Back 18

transfer of energy from FADH and NADH take hydrogen out of the molecule

Front 19

each molecule of acetyl coenzyme A that enters the krebs cycle produces how many molecules of carbon dioxide ?

Back 19

2 molecules of carbon dioxide

Front 20

the end products of the compete aerobic oxidation of glucose are

Back 20

Co2 H2O ATP

Front 21

which of the following processes requires oxygen

Back 21

electron transport system ,aerobic respiration in mitochondria

Front 22

the most common carbohydrate fuel for living organism is

Back 22

glucose

Front 23

enzymes of the krebs cycle and electron transport chain are located in the

Back 23

mitochondria or inner membrane

Front 24

where glycolosis is carried out in the cell

Back 24

cytoplasm

Front 25

which statement about catabolism is correct

Back 25

process of producing energy by oxidation of sugar ,breaking down large molecules to small,oxidation ,produces energy

Front 26

which statement about anabolism is correct

Back 26

uses small molecules to synthesize larger ones. reduction ,needs energy

Front 27

which statement about HDL is not correct

Back 27

produced by the liver, has high concentration of protein ,good cholesterol,prevents accumulation of cholesterol.

TRANSFERS CHOLESTEROL FROM BLOOD TO LIVER TO CELLS

Front 28

which statement about LDL is not correct

Back 28

produced by liver,low concentration of proteins,carries cholesterol from liver to tissue and organs,

TRANSFERS CHOLESTEROL FROM BLOOD TO LIVER FOR ELIMINATION

Front 29

which of the following is considered a key molecule of metabolic crossroad

Back 29

6 phosphate, 3 pirubic ,2 acetol coenzyme A

Front 30

A process called deamination in the hepatocytes is involved in the catabolism of

Back 30

proteins

Front 31

during the breakdown of glucose what are the net gain of ATP in anaerobic pathway

Back 31

2 glycolosis

Front 32

during the break down of glucose what are the net gain of ATP in aerobic pathway

Back 32

36 glycerol phosphate

38 malate aspartate

Front 33

how can energy be obtained from amino acids

Back 33

all have to be deaminated the 2 carboneal breakdown to make acetal CoA3 pyruvic acid from back bone

Front 34

which statement about lipids being broken down is correct

Back 34

3 fatty acids , and 1 glycerol produce beta oxidation

Front 35

what is glucogenesis

Back 35

synthesis of glycogen from amino acids/fatty acids

Front 36

which statement is correct about regulation of absorptive phase

Back 36

insulin promoting liver cells to import glucose synthesis glycogen t3 and t4 promote to synthesize protein

Front 37

which statement is correct about regulation of post-absorptive phase

Back 37

4-5 hours after eating blood sugar drops glucagon will increase , glucagon secreted epinephrine stimulates adipose

Front 38

which is the factor that is involved in heat exchange with the environment

Back 38

radiation evaporation conduction convection

Front 39

which of the following are characteristics of the kidney

Back 39

filters blood, supplied by the renal vein and drained by renal artery

Front 40

the glomerular membrane differs from a typical capillary membrane in which of the following ways

Back 40

lots of tiny holes more permeable for water,

Front 41

which of the following mechanisms if any exerts the greatest influence towards maintaining homeostasis of total fluid volume

Back 41

renal water re-absorbtion

Front 42

in systemic hypotension ----is secreted asa result---will constric the efferent arterioles leading to increased blood pressure in the glomerulus

Back 42

renin ...angiotensin

Front 43

whenever the plasma glucose concentration exceeds the renal threshold for glucose it will

Back 43

be excreted through urine synthesis of protein plasmas

Front 44

place in order

Back 44

1.release of renin

2.conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin1

3.formation of angiotensin 2 from angiotensin1

4.release of aldosterone

5.sodium reabsorption from tubules

Front 45

filtration in the glomerulus is due principally to

Back 45

hydrostatic pressure , glomeruli blood pressure

Front 46

which of the following statements is not true

Back 46

retro peritoneum connects kidney to bladder

Front 47

what effect does antidiuretic hormone have on the kidney

Back 47

reabsorption of more water

Front 48

aldosterone

Back 48

produced by the adrenal cortex, promotes renal tube reabsorption of Na+ decreases urine output

Front 49

juxta glomerular cells would be stimulated to produce renin by

Back 49

sharp decrease in blood pressure

Front 50

an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood will

Back 50

hydrogen ions increase

ph will decrease

Front 51

urination would be increased by

Back 51

diuretic hormones ,NAP, drinking lots of water

Front 52

what would probably occur if prostate gland had a tumor in its central part.

Back 52

difficulty to urinate pressure in urethra constriction

Front 53

consumption of alcohol increases urine production by

Back 53

inhibits ADH causing diuresis

Front 54

when a substance in the renal tubules exceeds its threshold

Back 54

the amount of substance that exceeds will be found in the urine

Front 55

anti-diuretic hormone is produced in the

Back 55

hypothalamus stored in the post pituitary gland

Front 56

potassium secretion into the urine is controlled by

Back 56

aldosterone

Front 57

after the bladder is stretched due to buildup of urine nerve impulses pass through the spinal cord to the hypothalamus via the

Back 57

lateral spinothalmic tract

Front 58

because about 20% of the water in the glomeruli is filtered into the bowmans capsule the ----osmotic pressure of the blood entering the peritubular capillary bed is ---

Back 58

relative , increased

Front 59

an abnormal constituent in the urine is

Back 59

red blood cells protein sugar

Front 60

the kidneys control over NA+ excretion is monitored by a hormone called

Back 60

aldosterone

Front 61

the amount of water lost or retained by the body is primarily regulated by

Back 61

ADH

Front 62

Glomerular filtrate is similar to plasma in composition EXCEPT that the filtrate lacks significant amount of

Back 62

protein

Front 63

when arteriole blood pressure decreases substantially the glomerular filtration rate

Back 63

decreases slightly

Front 64

the kidneys help regulate the PH of body fluids by controlling the

Back 64

secretion of hydrogen ions

Front 65

when excessive amounts of water are lost due to sweating or diarrhea

Back 65

dehydration body secretes ADH .renin secreted retain water.

Front 66

ADH a hormone believed to be synthesized by neurons in the hypothalamus is released into the blood by the posterior pituitary gland and it

Back 66

accelerated water reabsorption in distal tubules

Front 67

the epithelium of the glomerulus is composed of

Back 67

fenestrated endothelium

Front 68

the ion that would have the greatest effect on water movement between body compartments is

Back 68

sodium

Front 69

microvilli are in greatest quantity in the

Back 69

PCT

Front 70

the inner(visceral) layer of a glomerular capsule is made of

Back 70

podocytes

Front 71

the liquid which collects in the minor calices of the renal sinus is

Back 71

urine

Front 72

which has as its main function the reabsorption of sodium chloride amino acids and about 80% of eventual water reabsorption

Back 72

PCT

Front 73

the maintenance of relatively high blood pressure in the glomerulus is related to the fact that

Back 73

larger afferent arterioles, smaller efferent arterioles.

Front 74

the hormone ADH functions by affecting what part of the kidney?

Back 74

DCT collecting duct

Front 75

angiotensin 1 splits from angiotensinogen by the ezymatic action of

Back 75

renin

Front 76

which of the following is not actively reabsorbed

Back 76

urea glucose or water

Front 77

the direction of water movement between fluid compartments is determined by

Back 77

concentration of solute by sodium

Front 78

the primary means of water movement between fluid compartments is

Back 78

osmosis

Front 79

the thirst center is stimulated by all of the following except

Back 79

peripheral chemoreceptorsm

Front 80

the primary determinant of body fluid volume is the

Back 80

number of sodium and chloride ions lost from kidneys

Front 81

a decrease in angiotensin 2 leads to

Back 81

decreased blood pressure in renin

Front 82

in studies of fluid balance the term water intoxication refers to

Back 82

cell swells and dies water moves from interstitial fluid into intracellular fluid by ions loss

Front 83

ADH saves water by

Back 83

enhancing passive movement of water out of the collection duct

Front 84

extracellular fluids are

Back 84

high concentration of sodium outside the cell low potassium

Front 85

excessive intake or drinking of water normally leads to

Back 85

increase urination reduce ADH secretions

Front 86

levels of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid are regulated primarily

Back 86

aldosterone

Front 87

levels of potassium ions in the extracellular fluid are regulated primarily by

Back 87

aldosterone

Front 88

the primary intracellular ions are

Back 88

potassium phosphate ions protein ions sulfur sulfate

Front 89

protein anions are most abundant in

Back 89

inside of cell, plasma,interstitial fluid

Front 90

when bicarbonate ions diffuses out of red blood cells into plasma it is usually exchanged with which anion

Back 90

hydrogen

Front 91

bicarbonate ion acts as a

Back 91

weak base

Front 92

the carboxyl group of an amino acid acts as a buffer for

Back 92

weak acids hydrogen ions

Front 93

hemoglobin picks up a hydrogen ion when

Back 93

releases oxygen to tissue

Front 94

if the blood is acidic which one of the following would not occur

Back 94

increase respiration rate , lowers PH

Front 95

holding your breath for an extended period of time results in

Back 95

respirator acidosis

Front 96

in compensating for respiratory alkalosis the body excretes more

Back 96

bicarbonate ions

Front 97

an increase in ADH leads to

Back 97

more water reabsorption insertion of aquaporin 2 channels into principle cell membranes

Front 98

the inspiratory center in the medulla oblongata triggers more forceful and frequent contractions of the diaphragm if

Back 98

decrease in Co2 partial pressure increase.

Front 99

hydrogen ions are normally eliminated from the body by

Back 99

kidney or excretion in the urine

Front 100

a person who has not eaten for a week is probably

Back 100

low blood sugar breaking down fat and protein. generating ketone bodies excreting hydrogen ions generating bicarbonate ions breathing more rapidly

Front 101

increasing respiratory rate will

Back 101

result in an increase in exertion of excess bicarbonate ions in urine

Front 102

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus may lead to metabolic acidosis because

Back 102

ketone bodies increase m increase rate of lipolysis and ketogenics occur

Front 103

which of the following might trigger an increase in the rate of deamination of glutamine by renal tubule cells as a form of compensation for a pH imbalance

Back 103

pulmonary edema

Front 104

the most abundant buffer intracellular fluid system is

Back 104

protein

Front 105

use of laxatives in older people to relieve constipation often results in

Back 105

low potassium hypokalemia

Front 106

edema may result from

Back 106

too much sodium not enough protein

Front 107

the level of sodium ions in the blood is controlled by the homrones

Back 107

aldosterone ADP ADH