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292 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ligaments of the uterus
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uterosacral ligament
round ligament of uterus |
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ligaments of the ovary
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suspensory ligament of ovary
ovarian ligament |
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round ligament of uterus connects the uterus to ______
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labia majora
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which ligament connects the uterus to the labia majora
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round ligament of uterus
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what does the round ligament of uterus have to pass through to get to the labia majora
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deep inguinal ring
inguinal canal |
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which ligament goes through the inguinal canal (in females)
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round ligament of uterus
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ovarian ligament connects the ovary to ______
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surface of the uterus
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which ligament connects the ovary to the surface of the uterus
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ovarian ligament
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suspensory ligament is made of
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fold of peritoneum
contains the lymphatic, artery and vein for the ovary |
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what contains the lymphatic, artery and vein for the ovary
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suspensory ligament
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suspensory ligament of ovary goes anterior or posterior (from the ovary)
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posterior
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migration of the ovary
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originate in posterior body wall
migrate toward the pelvis stay in the pelvis |
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female analogue of the scrotum
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labia major
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female remnant of the gubernaculum
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round ligament
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inguinal canal of female vs. male
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smaller because we didnt have to push a whole testicle through ours
so less likely to have an inguinal hernia |
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mesentery of the uterus
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broad ligament
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description of where the broad ligament of the uterus is
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connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of pelvis
it goes up and over fallopian tubes (like wearing a poncho and holding up your arms) continuous with visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum lining pelvic wall |
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what connects the ovary to the broad ligament
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mesovarium
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where are the ovaries wrt the broad ligament
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posterior
(Not within it) |
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note about broad ligament
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it is a double layer (because some parietal, some visceral)
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which side of the ovary does the suspensory ligament (and therefore, the blood supply) come from
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lateral
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label slide 5 lec 14
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ok
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outermost covering of the ovary
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germinal epithelium
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is the ovarian ligament medial or lateral
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medial
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germinal epithelium of the ovary is continuous with
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serous membrane of the mesovarium
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for most organs, the outermost covering is serous membrane (ex. visceral peritoneum) but what is the outermost layer of the ovary
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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2nd most superficial layer of the ovary
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tunica albuginea
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why is the tunica albuginea white
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rich in collagen
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layers of ovary from out to in
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germinal epithelium
tunica albuginea cortex medulla |
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which part of the ovary contains developing oocytes
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cortex
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how oocytes change in position as they mature
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they stay in one place (they don't rotate around the ovary)
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production of ova is called
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oogenesis
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cortex vs. medulla of ovary
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cortex = highly cellular
medulla = loose connective tissue |
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when does the number of egg cells peak
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prenatally
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how does the number of eggs change
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declines before birth
declines until puberty |
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how does the number of eggs reduce (mechanism)
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phagocytosed by macrophages
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name for the reduction in the number of eggs as we age (starts before birth)
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atresia
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atresia
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name for the reduction in the number of eggs as we age (starts before birth)
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length of follicular phase
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7-21 days
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length of luteal phase
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14 days
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which phase of the menstrual cycle is variable among women
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follicular phase
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length of menstrual cycle
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21-35 days
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primary follicle
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primary oocytes and surrounding simple squamous follicular cells
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where are primordial follicles found
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fetus
prepubescent girl in women, some eggs haven't developed yet |
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what activates primordial follicles
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FSH increase
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how many layers of cells surround primordial oocytes
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1
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how many primordial follicles are activated per cycle
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a subset
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when do primordial follicles start being active
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puberty
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what happens to primordial follicles when FSH activates them
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follicular cells enlarge and proliferate
from single layer to multiple layers they are now known as granulosa cells oocyte secretes an acellular proteinaceous material around itself to separate the oocyte from the granulosa cells thecal cells surround the follicle granulosa cells secrete estrogens (esp. estradiol) |
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name of acellular layer secreted by the oocyte, separating itself from the granulosa cells
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zona pellucida
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zona pellucida
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acellular layer secreted by the oocyte, separating itself from the granulosa cells
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cells of the primary follicle that secrete estrogens
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granulosa and thecal
by working together |
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when do follicular cells become granulosa cells
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when they enlarge and proliferate upon stimulation by FSH
follicular cells in the primordial follicle granulosa cells in the primary follicle |
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what separates the granulosa cells from the thecal cells
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basement membrane
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what do granulosa cells produce
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follicular fluid
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secondary folicle AKA
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antral follicle
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when do granulosa cells produce follicular fluid
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as the follicle changes from a primary to a secondary follicle
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what differentiates a secondary follicle from a primary follicle
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accumulation of follicular fluid, creating the antrum
this makes the follicle grow larger the oocyte is also growing, and there are more granulosa cells but the primary way that it grows is fluid accumulation |
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antrum
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spaces between granulosa cells coalesce to form a single fluid-filled space
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tertiary follicle AKA
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mature follicle
Graafian follicle |
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what differentiates tertiary follicle from secondary
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1. the spaces between the granulosa cells has coalesced, forming the antrum
2. some of the granulosa cells remain as a coating around the oocyte = corona radiata 3. cumulus oophorus attaches oocyte to the follicular wall |
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corona radiata
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some of the granulosa cells remain as a coating around the oocyte
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cumulus oophorus
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granulosa cells that attach the oocyte and the corona radiata to the follicular wall
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ovulation
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egg release from follicle
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steps of ovulation
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cumulus oophorus thins and detaches
rupture through the tunica albuginea |
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what does the egg go through when it travels from the ovary into the peritoneal cavity
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tunica albuginea
germinal epithelium |
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how does the egg get into the fallopian tube
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ciliary sweeping
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what triggers ovulation
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brief surge in LH
triggered by rising estrogen levels |
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trend in estrogen levels throughout the follicular phase
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rising as the follicle grows
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note about follicular phase
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at each step, a subset of follicles don't make it to the next step
most degenerate at each step BUT more can be released (ex. fraternal twins) |
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primary follicle AKA
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preantral
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what do remnants of the follicle form after ovulation
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corpus luteum
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what is the corpus luteum
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transient endocrine structure
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why is the corpus luteum yellow
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it makes lipid based hormones so it needs lots of lipids to do so
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core of luteum is comprised of
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CT
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what are the components of the corpus luteum
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cells differentiate from estrogen producing to progestin secreting:
granulosa lutein cells thecal lutein cells BV invasion makes it highly vascular |
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main progestin
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progesterone
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role of progestins
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prepare uterus for implantation
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corpus luteum lasts for 10-12 days, then what does it become (in the absence of implantation)
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corpus albicans
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what is the corpus albicans
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dense CT scar of left over corpus luteum
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what happens in terms of hormones as the corpus luteum degenerates
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decrease in progestins and estrogens stimulates GnRH and FSH
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what happens if implantation occurs
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human chorionic gonadotropin is secreted
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role of human chorionic gonadotropin
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(like LH) maintains and stimulates secretion by corpus luteum
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when is the corpus luteum critical in pregnancy
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1st trimester
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role of progesterone in pregnancy
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maintains uterine mucosa
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trumpet shaped portion of the fallopian tube that is adjacent to the ovary
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infundibulum
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name of the finger like extensions of the infundibulum
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fimbriae
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longest part of the fallopian tube
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ampulla
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segments of the fallopian tube from ovary to uterus
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infundibulum
ampulla isthmus intramural portion (part that actually traverses the uterine wall) |
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where does fertilization usually occur
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ampulla
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what happens if the conceptus implants in the uterine tube
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has to be terminated
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histology of the uterine tubes
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1. mucosa consisting of:
a. simple columnar epithelium with: ciliated cells secretory cells with short microvilli b. underlying lamina propria 2. concentric smooth muscle layers 3. visceral peritoneum |
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mucosa
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epithelium
lamina propria |
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what do secretory cells of the fallopian cells secrete
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nutrition for the egg
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role of muscle layers of the uterine tube
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perilstaltic contractions to push the egg down
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label slide 15 of lec 14
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ok
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what is perimetrium
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serosa - where it is intraperitoneal
like visceral peritoneum below the pelvic diaphragm it is adventitia |
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myometrium consists of
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3 concentric layers of smooth muscle
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endometrium AKA
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mucosa
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what does endometrium consist of
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1. simple columnar epithelium (some ciliated, some secretory)
2. lamina propria contains uterine glands (infoldings of the epithelium) that open onto the endometrial surface |
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endometrium is divided into 2 zones
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basalis
functionalis |
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what is in the basalis layer of the endometrium
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lamina propria
bases of uterine glands |
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what is in the functionalis layer of the endometrium
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uterine glands
epithelium "remaining" lamina propria |
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which layer is lost monthly
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functionalis layer
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which of the 2 endometrial zones is adjacent to the myometrium
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basalis
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blood supply of the uterine wall
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memorize slide 17
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arteries that supply the basalis
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straight arteries
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arteries that supply the functionalis
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spiral arteries
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3 phases of the uterine cycle
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1. menses
2. proliferative phase 3. secretory phase |
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length of menses
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3-7 days
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length of proliferative phase
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variable - around 10 days
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length of secretory phase
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14 days
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what triggers menses
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decreased progestin and estrogen at the end of the ovarian cycle (as the corpus luteum degenerates)
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what happens in the menses phase
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spiral arteries contract
functionalis layer becomes ischemic degenerates sloughs off |
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what triggers the proliferative phase
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increasing estrogen from the developing follicle
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what happens in the proliferative phase
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cellular proliferation regenerates the functional zone
uterine epithelium, glands and spiral arteries reappear uterine glands secrete a glycogen rich mucous |
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what stimulates the secretory phase
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progestin and estrogen secreted by the corpus luteum
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what happens in the secretory phase
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further proliferation
accelerated secretion of uterine glands |
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what opens into the vestibule
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vagina
urethra |
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borders of the vagina
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cervix to vestibule
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vagina is posterior to
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urethra and base of bladder
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vagina is anterior to
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rectum
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fun fact about cervix
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projects into vaginal canal (see slide 20)
this creates little spaces around the entrance to the cervix |
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what do cervical glands secrete
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mucus
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mucosa of the vagina
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stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
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secretions of the epithelium of the vagina
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acidic
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muscularis of the vagina
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one inner circular layer
one outer longitudinal layer |
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outermost layer of the vagina
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adventitia
dense CT with elastic fibres |
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role of cervical mucus
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acts as a plug
protects from infection |
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what happens to cervical mucus at ovulation
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consistency becomes liquidy to be permissive for sperm
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shape of perineum
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diamond
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what is superficial/inferior to the perineal membrane in males and females
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external genitalia
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root of the clitoris consists of
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bulb of the vestibule
crura |
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bulb of the vestibule
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bilaterally paired, surrounds vestibule
fused to inner surface of perineal membrane |
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crura of clitoris
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attached to ischiopubic rami
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bulb of vestibule and crura are both covered by ___
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striated muscle
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what kind of tissue is the bulb of the vestibule in females
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erectile tissue
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female orgasm
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reflexive contraction of erectile tissue
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vestibule in males
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the bulb starts out as a paired structure
in the male, they come together and fuse |
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look at the perineum slides for male and female again
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ok
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accessory organs of the digestive system are not
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part of the digestive tract
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4 functions of the oral cavity (as part of the digestive tract)
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analysis
mechanical processing lubrication limited digestion |
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oral mucosa
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1. stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
2. lamina propria |
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lateral walls of the oral cavity
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cheeks contain the buccinator muscles
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type of digestion that occurs in the mouth
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limited enzymatic digestion
mechanical digestion |
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role of buccinator muscle
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keeps food between the teeth
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where is the buccinator muscle
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cheek
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what happens if your buccinator muscle gets paralyzed
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food gets stuck in the cheeks like a chipmunk
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label slide 3 and 4 (lec 15)
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ok
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how much of the roof of your mouth is hard and soft palate
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hard = 2/3
soft = 1/3 |
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the uvula is an extension of
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soft palate
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order of fusion of the roof of the mouth
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hard palate
then soft then uvula |
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palatine tonsils are between
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palatopharyngeal arch and palatine tonsils
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name for opening between oral cavity and pharnyx
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fauces
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what is the name of the thing that attaches the tongue to the bottom of the mouth
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lingual frenulum
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proper name for gums
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gingivae
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proper name for upper teeth
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maxillary teeth
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proper name for lower teeth
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mandibular teeth
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what is the name of the thing that connects your lower lip to your gums
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superior/inferior labial frenulum
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what is the name of the space between the cheek/lips and the teeth
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oral vestibule
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borders of the oral cavity
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ant: lips with obicularis oris
post: palatoglossal folds floor: tongue roof: hard and soft palate |
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muscle that contracts to close your mouth
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obicularis oris
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how many sets of paired glands do we have in our mouths
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3
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what kind of glands are in the oral cavity
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exocrine
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what encloses the glands in the oral cavity
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dense fibrous CT capsule
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3 types of alveoli in salivary glands
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mucous alveoli
serous alveoli mixed alveoli |
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serous cells of salivary glands - what do they secrete
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proteins
glycoproteins watery enzymes ex. salivary amylase |
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mucous cells of salivary glands - what do they secrete
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glycoproteins
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non-secretory cells involved in salivary glands
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myoepithelial cells
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where are the myoepithelial cells of salivary glands
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between secretory cells and BM
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role of glycoproteins in saliva
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make it slippery
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what are myoepithelial cells
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epithelially derived cells capable of contraction
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role of the ducts of salivary glands
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highly branched
Na-ATPase in BL membrane for Na and water conservation |
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list the 3 salivary glands
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parotid
submandibular sublingual |
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contents of saliva
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water
ions enzymes metabolites glycoproteins |
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where are parotid gland
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anterior to ears
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where do parotid glands open into the mouth
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oral vestibule by 2nd maxillary molar
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where are the submandibular glands
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inferior to mandible
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where do submandibular glands open into the mouth
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floor of oral cavity lateral to lingual frenulum
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where are sublingual glands
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under the tongue
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where do the sublingual glands open into the mouth
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numerous ducts in the floor of the oral cavity, lateral to that of the submandibular gland
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weird thing about autonomic innervation of salivary glands
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both PNS and SNS stimulate secretion
but the type of secretion is different |
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SNS and salivary glands
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mouth dry
not because secretions are decreased but because secretion of mucous cells is increased mucinogens bind water to make mucous |
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PNS and salivary glands
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stimulates secretion of serous cells
produces enzymes and water to lubricate for swallowing |
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4 layers of the digestive tract (from lumen outward)
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1. mucosa
2. submucosa 3. muscularis externa 4. serosa OR adventitia |
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mucosa of the digestive tract
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1. epithelium type varies
2. lamina propria: areolar CT with mucosal glands, BVs, capillary beds, Ns, Ls 3. muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle) |
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role of smooth muscle in the mucosa of the digestive tract
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not perilstalsis
moving the surface of the mucosa to promote interaction with the contents |
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look at the relationship between A and B on slide 7 lec 15 (and the same idea on slide 9)
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ok
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submucosa of the GI tract
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areolar CT
BVs, Ls, submucosal plexus (Ns) +/- submucosal glands |
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components of the muscularis externa of the GI tract
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circular muscle layer
myenteric plexus longitudinal muscle layer pacesetter cells and gap junctions 2 layers of muscle |
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2 ways the muscularis externa of the GI tract can contract
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perilstalsis: propels food along the tract
segmentation: mixing and breaking up food. back and forth motion |
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serosa of the GI tract =
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serous membrane
peritoneum |
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which layers of the digestive tract form a plica (and are actually in the plica)
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mucosa
submucosa |
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diameter of the esophagus
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2cm
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where is the esophagus
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posterior mediastinum
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esophagus is posterior to
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trachea
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hole in the diaphragm that allows the esophagus to go through
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esophageal hiatus
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mucosa of the esophagus
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1. stratified squamous epithelium with Langerhans cells
2. lamina propria containing esophageal cardiac glands |
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hiatus hernia
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stomach passes into the thorax through the esophageal hiatus
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why is the mucosa of the esophagus stratified
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scratch foods present
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what are Langerhans cells
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APCs
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APCs in the esophagus
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Langerhans cells
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role of esophageal cardiac glands
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secrete mucus
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which components of the GI tract have submucosal glands
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esophagus - need more mucus - scratchy food present
duodenum |
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submucosa of the esophagus
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1. submucosal glands present (need more mucus due to scratchy food
2. lymph nodules |
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role of lymph nodules in the esophagus
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receive langerhans cells
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muscularis externa of the esophagus
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involuntary
changes from striated to smooth proximal 1/3: striated middle 1/3: transitional distal 1/3: smooth upper and lower sphincters ill defined |
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qualities of the upper and lower sphincters of the esophagus
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ill defined
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what is the outermost layer of the esophagus
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adventitita
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which structures of the GI tract have adventitia instead of serosa
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esophagus
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how can skeletal muscle be involuntary
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reflex
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what makes the skeletal muscle of the esophagus contract
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swallowing reflex
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do sphincters close openings when they contract or relax
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contract
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why aren't the sphincters of the esophagus physiologically important
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we dont control the movement of food through the esophagus - just get it in the stomach
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what does the lumen of the esophagus look like when there is no food in it
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closed
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which is the only mesentery that attaches a digestive system structure to the ANTERIOR body wall
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falciform ligament
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what attaches the transverse colon to the posterior body wall
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transverse mesocolon
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transverse mesocolon
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mesentery that attaches transverse colon to posterior body wall
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lesser omentum
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mesentery that attaches stomach to liver
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mesentery that attaches stomach to liver
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lesser omentum
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greater omentum
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mesentery that attaches the inferior border of the stomach to the tranverse colon but has a giant fold in front of the intestines
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mesentery that attaches the inferior border of the stomach to the tranverse colon but has a giant fold in front of the intestines
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greater omentum
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the mesentery
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mesentery that attaches the small intestine to the posterior body wall
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mesentery that attaches the small intestine to the posterior body wall
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the mesentery
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sigmoid mesocolon
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mesentery that attaches the sigmoid colon to the posterior body wall
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mesentery that attaches the sigmoid colon to the posterior body wall
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sigmoid mesocolon
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falciform ligament
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attaches the liver to the anterior body wall
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role of mesenteries
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mechanical stability and access for BVs, Ns, Ls
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falciform ligament is a remnant of
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embryonic ventral mesentery
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label slide 13 lec 15
|
ok
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4 functions of the stomach
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storage
mechanical digestion chemical digestion little absorption |
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texture of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the stomach
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smooth
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part of the stomach that goes above the sphincter
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fundus
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medial surface of the stomach
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lesser curvature
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lateral surface of the stomach
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greater curvature
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surface of the stomach that is the attachment of the lesser omentum
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lesser curvature
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surface of the stomach that is the attachment of the greater omentum
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greater curvature
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lesser omentum is a remnant of
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ventral mesentery
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2 remnants of the embryonic ventral mesentery
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falciform ligament
lesser omentum |
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2 names for the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach
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lower esophageal
cardiac |
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name of sphincter between stomach and small intestine
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pyloric
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what is different about the muscular layer of the stomach compared to other parts of the GI tract
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3 layers of muscle
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how strong is the pyloric sphincter
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super strong
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why is the pyloric sphincter so strong
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has to hold the food in the stomach for hours
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how does the pyloric sphincter function
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holds food in for a while
then opens a little bit and closes again - lets small aliquots of food enter the SI from the stomach |
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rugae
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longitudinal folds on the inner surface of the stomach
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longitudinal folds on the inner surface of the stomach
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rugae
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when can you see rugae
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when the stomach is empty (like a collapsed balloon)
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directional orientation of the muscle fibres of the stomach
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longitudinal
concentric (circular) angular (oblique) |
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outermost layer of the stomach is serosa or adventitia
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serosa
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does the stomach have submucosal glands
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no
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name of mucosal glands in the stomach
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gastric glands
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what moves the muscularis mucosa
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myenteric nerve plexus
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3 regions of the glands of the stomach
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gastric pit (near the surface)
neck gastric gland (deepest) |
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cell type distribution in the glands of the stomach
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surface mucous cell - not in the gland but on the surface
mucous neck cell: gastric pit stem cells: neck parietal cell: gastric gland chief cell: gastric gland enteroendocrine cells: gastric gland |
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name of cells on surface of stomach (mucus secreting)
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surface mucous cells
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surface mucous cells
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cells on surface of stomach (mucus secreting)
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cells in the gastric pit
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mucous neck cells
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mucous neck cells - where found
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gastric pit
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stem cells of the gastric gland - where found
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neck
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parietal cell - where found
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gastric gland
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chief cell - where found
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gastric gland
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enteroendocrine cell - where found
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gastric gland
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cells in the gastric gland
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parietal
chief enteroendocrine |
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what does the surface mucous cell (of the stomach) secrete (and role of the secretion)
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mucin
that forms visible mucus this protects the gastric mucosa from acid and enzymes of chyme |
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which cells of the stomach produce mucin which forms visible mucus
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surface mucous cells
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what do mucous neck cells secrete (and role of secretion)
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mucin that mixes with chyme as soluble mucus
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which cells of the stomach secrete mucin that mixes with chyme as soluble mucus
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mucous neck cells
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what do parietal cells secrete
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hydrochloric acid
intrinsic factor |
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cell type that secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor
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parietal cell
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role of HCl in digestion (4)
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denatures proteins
antibacterial breaks down cell walls converts pepsinogen to pepsin |
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role of intrinsic factor in digestion
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binds B12 to assist its absoprtion across the wall of the ileum
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what do chief cells secrete
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pepsinogen
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which cells of the stomach secrete pepsinogen
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chief cells
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role of pepsinogen
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proenzyme that gets converted to pepsin by Hcl
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what converts pepsinogen to pepsin
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HCl
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example of enteroendocrine cells
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G cells
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what do G cells secrete
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gastrin
across their basal aspect |
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role of gastrin
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stimulates contraction of parietal and chief cells
stimulates contraction of muscularis externa |
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what is the neck of the glands of the stomach
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point where it branches
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role of soluble mucous of the stomach
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lubricates chyme
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order of segments of the small intestine from proximal to distal
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duodenum
jejunum ileum |
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function of the small intestine (2)
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digestion
absorption |
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length of small intestine
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6m
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diameter of small intestine
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tapers from 4cm to 1.5 cm
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relative length of segments of the small intestine
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duodenum is very short
jejunum and ileum are about the same |
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role of duodenum
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mixes chyme from the stomach with exocrine secretions of the pancreas and liver
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role of jejunum
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absorption
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where does most absorption occur
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jejunum
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what is at the end of the ileum
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ileocecal valve
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anatomical location of the duodenum
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secondarily retroperitoneal
fused with the posterior body wall |
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what does the greater omentum connect
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stomach to
transverse colon and posterior body wall |
