Anatomy

Front 1

nervous tissue

Back 1

detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating electrical signals called nerve action potentials (nerve impulses) that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions

Front 2

5 main types of cell junctions

Back 2

tight junctions
adherens junctions
desmosomes
hemidesmosome
gap junctions

Front 3

tight junctions

Back 3

-common in linings of stomach, intestines, urinary bladder
-help prevent leakage from organs
-different points of membrane fusion

Front 4

adherens junctions

Back 4

-a little looser - Cadherins
-Transmembrane glycoproteins that create the junctions in intercellular space
-connect to plaque layer beneath membrane
-plaque attaches to microfilaments
-keeps cadherins tightly connected to micro filaments

Front 5

transmembrane glycoproteins are also called

Back 5

cadherins

Front 6

desmosomes

Back 6

-proteins are different
-plaque layer attaches to intermediate fivers made of keratin inside cells
-common among epidermal cells and cardiac muscle cells

Front 7

Hemidesmosome

Back 7

-enable epithelial cells to bind to a basement membrane
-use proteins called integrins
-do not link adjacent cells

Front 8

gap junctions

Back 8

-connect using channels (connexons)
-link cytoplasm of adjacent cells
-allow fast, easy communication
-common in muscle and nervous tissue

Front 9

epithelial tissue

Back 9

linings, protective role, lubrication

Front 10

connective tissue

Back 10

cells spread out in a matrix- carious roles (support, protections, storage, transportation)

Front 11

muscle tissue

Back 11

designed to contract, allow movement

Front 12

nervous tissue

Back 12

generate/ transmit electrical signals- grain, spinal cord, nerves

Front 13

epithelial tissue

Back 13

-Linings-main role is protection-cells tightly packed together- always an APICAL (FREE) surface exposed to a space
-always anchored to a basement membrane
lack blood vessels/ rely on diffusion for exchange
frequently divide, continuously renewed

Front 14

epithelial tissue characterized by

Back 14

shape of cells
number of cell layers

Front 15

simple epithelium

Back 15

one cell layer thick

Front 16

stratified epithelium

Back 16

2 or more cell layers thick

Front 17

shapes

Back 17

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Front 18

squamous

Back 18

flat

Front 19

cuboidal

Back 19

cube

Front 20

columnar

Back 20

long skinny, column

Front 21

simple squamous

Back 21

-thin and flat
- allow rapid exchange
-lines air sacs in lungs and blood vessels

Front 22

stratified squamous

Back 22

-usually many layers thick
-protective role
-lines outer skin, throat, vagina, anal canal
-in skin, older cells fill with KERATIN (protein) and die

Front 23

simple cuboidal

Back 23

-mostly for secretion & absorption
-lines ovary surface, kidney ducts, thyroid glands

Front 24

stratified cuboidal

Back 24

-usually 2-3 cell layers thick
-role is mainly protection
-lines large ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, sweat glands

Front 25

simple columnar

Back 25

-may be lined with cilia
-some secrete mucus
-lines uterus, stomach, intestines

Front 26

stratified columnar

Back 26

-several layers thick
-basal layers more cube like
-lines male urethra and pharynx

Front 27

pseudostratified columnar

Back 27

-most forms are ciliated
-some secrete mucus
-lines respiratory tract

Front 28

transitional

Back 28

-cells can stretch and change shape
-urinary bladder

Front 29

glandular epithelium

Back 29

-specialized for secretion
-form glands

Front 30

exocrine gland

Back 30

-secretes into a duct bloodstream
-ducts of exocrine glands can be unbranced (simple) or branced (compound)

Front 31

endocrine gland

Back 31

-secretes into bloodstream
-secretes chemical messengers (hormones)

Front 32

types of Exocrine glands

Back 32

-merocrine glands
-apocrine glands
-holocrine glands

Front 33

merocrine glands

Back 33

-release fluids only using exocytosis
-sweat and salivary glands

Front 34

apocrine glands

Back 34

-parts of cells released with fluids
-mammary glands, axillary and pubic areas (attract bacteria)

Front 35

holocrine glands

Back 35

-entire cells released with fluids
-sebaceous glands in skin

Front 36

unicellular glands are _____-

Back 36

single-celled glands

Front 37

name a unicellular gland

Back 37

goblet cells

Front 38

goblet cells

Back 38

unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucus directly onto the apical surface of a lining epithelium

Front 39

Most exocrine glands are

Back 39

multicellular glands

Front 40

multicellular glands

Back 40

composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ

Front 41

connective tissue

Back 41

-cells spread out
-includes our toughest, strongest tissues in the body
-cells exist in an acellular MATRIX (think milk in cereal or jello mold)

Front 42

Matrix contains ____ _____ and _____ _____

Back 42

ground substance and protein fibers

Front 43

Matrix

Back 43

-may be liquid, gel, or solid
-supports, binds and nourishes cells
-transport medium

Front 44

Protein fibers

Back 44

- fibroblasts produce the fibers

Front 45

fibroblasts

Back 45

-large star shaped cells

Front 46

collagen fibers

Back 46

-extremely tough, strong
-slightly flexible
-most abundant protein in body
-appear white - collagen rich fibers
-tendons and ligaments

Front 47

elastic fibers

Back 47

-made of elastin, can be streched 11/2 time original
-not as strong
-very flexible
-appear yellow (elastin rich fiber)
-gives strength and flexibility to larynx, skin, ears, nose (outerear, larynx)

Front 48

reticular fibers

Back 48

-collagen-rich
-thinner than collagen fibers
-form branching networks
-supporting framework for blood vessels, spleen & lymph nodes
-help form basement membranes

Front 49

macrophages

Back 49

-clean up debris
-fight pathogens
-a type of white blood cell
-actively move through tissues

Front 50

mast cells

Back 50

-release histamine, which initiates inflammatory response
-associated with allergies

Front 51

what is histamine

Back 51

inflammatory response

Front 52

Areolar connective tissue

Back 52

-contains collagen & elastin
-very loose arrangement
-binds skin to underlying organs
-fills spaces between muscles
-wraps around organs

Front 53

adipose tissue

Back 53

-a loose connective tissue
-contains adipocytes (fact cells)
-cushions/protects
-insulates
-stores energy

Front 54

adipocytes

Back 54

shrink or swell spending on how many calories you consume

Front 55

reticular tissue

Back 55

-contains fine mesh of reticular fibers
-supports lymphatic organs
-helps bind smooth muscles

Front 56

dense connective tissue

Back 56

-mostly collagen
-very strong
-slow healing -poor blood supply

Front 57

Dense Regular

Back 57

-main component of tendons & ligaments
-provides great strength in one direction
-fibers neatly arranged in rows
-collage/fiberglucts

Front 58

dense irregular

Back 58

-can withstand pulling in all directions
-in lower skin layer, visceral pericardium, heart valves
-woven meshes of collagen fibers

Front 59

elastic connective tissue

Back 59

-allows lots of stretching
-found in lungs, arteries, vocal cords

Front 60

cartilage

Back 60

-mostly collagen
-provides support
-between bones
-outer ear, nose
-slow healing (poor blood supply)

Front 61

chondrocytes

Back 61

cells of mature cartilage are called__________ or in groups with spaces lacunae in the extracellular matrix.

Front 62

hyaline cartilage

Back 62

-most common type
-most bones start off as hyaline cartilage
-found in joints, nose, respiratory tract
-smooth matrix (think of sharks)

Front 63

elastic cartilage

Back 63

-more flexible
-found in external ear, larynx

Front 64

fibrocartilage

Back 64

-very tough, strong
-lots of collagen
-shock absorber
-found between vertebrae, in knees

Front 65

bone

Back 65

-hard, calcified matrix
-provides support
-sites for muscle attachment
-rapid healing (well vascularized)

Front 66

osteocytes

Back 66

lacunae
-mature bone cells

Front 67

blood

Back 67

-matrix is plasma
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets

Front 68

red blood cells

Back 68

gas transport

Front 69

white blood cells

Back 69

defense

Front 70

platelets

Back 70

clotting

Front 71

2 main types of linings formed from epithelial and connective tissues

Back 71

-serous membranes (serosa)
-mucous membranes (mucosa)

Front 72

serous membranes (serosa)

Back 72

-line body cavities not open to the outside
-line the organs w/in those cavities
-made of simple squamous & loose connective
-reduce friction

Front 73

visceral pleura

Back 73

lungs
lining on lungs

Front 74

parietal pleura

Back 74

lung cavity (lines walls)

Front 75

visceral pericardium

Back 75

heart
lining on heart

Front 76

parietal pericardium

Back 76

heart cavity lines heart wall

Front 77

visceral peritoneum

Back 77

abdominal organs
lining an abdominal

Front 78

parietal peritoneum

Back 78

abdominal wall
-lines abdominal wall

Front 79

mucous membranes (mucosa)

Back 79

-line body cavities/tubes that open to the outside, such as : internal lining,digestive tract, respiratory tract

Front 80

mucous membranes (mucosa) 2

Back 80

made of various epithelia and loose connective tissue called lamina propria

Front 81

lumina propria

Back 81

produces mucus for lubrication

Front 82

nervous tissue

Back 82

-contains highly-branched cells called neurons
-contains support cells called NEUROGLIA
-generate and transmit electrical signals

Front 83

muscle tissue

Back 83

large elongated cells

Front 84

skeletal muscle

Back 84

-voluntary
-striated
-very long, multinucleated cells

Front 85

cardiac muscle

Back 85

-involuntary
-striated and branched
-only in heart

Front 86

smooth muscle

Back 86

-involuntary
-not striated
-movements within body