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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Level of umbilicus
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T10
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Level of Iliac crest
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L4
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Differences between the male and female bony pelvis?
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- female bones tend to be smaller, lighter and thinner
- pelvic inlet is oval in female and heart shaped in male - pelvic outlet is larger - pelvic cavity is wider and shallower - pubic arch is wider ands shorter - obturator foramen is oval in women and round in men |
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What important spaces are created by the sacrospinous ligament?
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Greater and lesser sciatic foramina. Provide an passage for structures to pass from the pelvis to the gluteal region and posterior thigh
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What muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm?
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levator ani & coccygeus
levator ani: -puborectalis -pubococcygeus -illiococcygeus |
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What are the descriptive subdivision of the uterus?
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body (isthmus and fundus) and cervix
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Why is the pouch of douglas important?
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It is the lowest point in the female pelvis (where peritoneal fluids may collect) and access to drain these fluids is possible via the posterior vaginal fornix
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What are the descriptive subdivisions of the broad ligament?
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mesovarium - surrounds and suspends ovary
mesosalpinx - surrounds and suspends uterine tubes mesometrium - surrounds and supports uterus |
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What structures may be involved in stress incontinence in women?
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- pubovesical ligaments
- vesicocervical fascia - levator ani - urethral sphincter |
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Uterine prolapse can occur with the loss of support of which structures?
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transverse cervical (cardinal) ligament and uterosacral ligament and levator ani muscle
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Which branches of the internal iliac artery arise from its posterior division?
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- iliolumbar
-lateral sacral - superior gluteal |
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How does the urinary bladder empty itself?
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- CNS reflexes initiate voiding via stimulation of pelvic splanchnic nerves to the bladder; this causes contraction of the detrusor muscle of the bladder wall.
Voluntary relaxation of the external sphincter urethrae muscle tone occurs in conjunction with the detrusor contraction, but it is mediated by the somatic nervous system. In male, sympathetic relaxation fo the internal sphincter (females lack) also occurs with detrusor contraction. |
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What are the descriptive subdivisions of the male urethra?
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prostatic, membranous and spongy (penile)
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What is the innervation of the external anal sphincter?
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Inferior anal nerves from the pudenal (S2-S4)
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Where do the sperm and seminal fluids empty into the urethra?
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prostatic urethra via ejactulatory ducts
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Which rectal veins are involved in portocaval anastomoses?
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inferior and middle rectal veins (from internal iliac vein) anastomose with superior rectal vein from inferior mesenteric via portal venous system
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What is the parasympathetic innervation of the pelvic viscera?
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Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres arise from S2-S4 via pelvic splanchnic nerves that course to the inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic), synapse there and then innervate pelvic viscera (smooth muscle and glands)
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Lymphatic spread of cancer cells from a malignant tumour may involve the aortic (lumbar) lymph nodes directly? T or F?
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True - lymphatic vessels of the ovary follow the ovarian artery directly back to the abdominal aorta and infiltrate aortic nodes in the this region
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What are the boundaries of the perineum?
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Pubic symphysis anteriorly, ischial tuberosities laterally and coccyx posteriorly
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Why is the central tendon of the perineum important?
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it anchors the perineum because it provides for the attachment of many skeletal muscles of the perineum as well as fascial layers
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What is a common cause of erectile dysfunction in men?
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Loss of functionality in the nerves that relax the smooth muscle tone of the corpus cavernosum, which impedes blood flow into cavernous erectile tissue. Current med facilitate smooth muscle relaxation and increase BF
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What is the female homologue of the male corpus cavernosum?
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bulb of the vestibule
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An imaginary line between the iliac crests falls at which vertebrae level and why is this important?
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L4; it is a useful landmark for lumbar puncture or epidural block
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Most herniated discs occur at which vertebral levels?
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L4-L5 or L5-S1
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A herniated disc at L4-L5 level that impinges on a spinal nerve root will most likely involve components of which spinal nerve
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L5
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Which vertebral joint allows for turning the head side-to-side?
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Atlantoaxial joint
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Which vertebral ligament connects adjacent laminae?
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Ligamentum flavum
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How are the back muscles grouped functionally?
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Superficial (upper limb muscles)
intermediate (muscles of respiration) Deep (postural muscles) |
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Which back muscle is innervated by the dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves?
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Deep intrinsic back muscles
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What are the three major groups of erector spinae muscles?
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Iliocostalis, longissimus and spinalis muscles
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What important artery passes through the transverse foramina of C1-C6 and appears in the suboccipital triangle?
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Vertebral artery, a branch of subclavian
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How are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves distributed regionally?
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8 cervical
12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal |
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Each peripheral nerve arising from the spinal cord may contain hundreds of three types of axons. What are these types of axons?
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Somatic efferent (motor), afferent (sensory) and postganglionic sympathetic
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Where is CSF found?
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Ventricles, spinal cord central canal and subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord.
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What arteries run the length of the spinal cord, and where are they situated?
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Anterior artery and two posterior arteries run the length of the spinal cord
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Inguinal ligament is formed from?
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The apnoeurosis of the external oblique; demarcates the abdopelvis from the thighs
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Rectum/anus delineation point?
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As rectum passes through pelvic diaphragm it bends posteriorly at the anorectal flexure (important point for continence w aid of puborectalis) and becomes the anal canal.
During defecation the flexure straightens |
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Which crosses anteriorly, ureter or uterine artery?
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Urterine artery crosses anteriorly over distal ureters in females (and ductus deferences in male)
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Urethra is how long in females
How long in males (and names of different parts?) |
3-4 cm in females
20cm in male: prostatic, membranouns and spongy |
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External urethral sphincter is innervated by?
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S2,3 and 4 keep the urine off the floor (also same innervation as for faeces).
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Reflexes:
Knee Ankle Plantar |
Knee, L3, L4 (kick the door)
Ankle S1, S2 (tie your shoe) Plantar/Babinski L5, S1, S2 |
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Myotomes Hip
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Hip
Flexion iliopsoas - L2, L3 Extension glut max - L5, S1, S2 Abduction glut med, min, sat L4, L5, S1 Adduction adductors L2, L3, L4 |
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Myotomes Knee
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Flexion hamstrings L5, S1
Extensions quad femoris L3, L4 |
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Myotomes Ankle
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Plantar flexion gastrocnemius, plantaris soleus, S1, S2
Dorsiflexion, tibialis ant, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallicus longus L4, L5 Eversion L5, S1 Inversion L5, S1 |
