Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the fx of blood?
|
It serves as a vehicle for the distribution of gasses (O2 and CO2), metabolites, nutrients, hormones, inflammatory mediators, etc.
|
|
|
What are the components of blood?
|
Plasma (which is ~92% water but also has plasma proteins - albumin, fibrinogen, globulins - enzymes, hormones, etc.)
Erythrocytes (~43%) Buffy Coat Layer (~1%; White blood cells & Platelets) |
|
|
What are some key characteristics of an erythrocyte?
|
(1) Has no nucleus or organelles; 33% hemoglobin.
(2) Large surface to volume ratio for efficient gas exchange. (3) Carries O2 or CO2. (4) Life span ~120 days. |
|
|
What is the "Wright Stain"?
|
Three dyes:
(1) Eosin - Pink stain - Acidic dye (E-P-A) (2) Methylene Blue - Blue stain - Basic Dye (3) Oxidized Methylene Blue - Purple stain |
|
|
What are the two types of cytoplasmic granules? How are they distinguished? What is their function?
|
(1) Azurophilic - contain lysosomal enzymes.
(2) Specific - contain lactoferrin, lysozyme, and other bactericidal agents. Function - phagocytosis & kill bacteria. |
|
|
What is the lifespan of neutrophils?
|
Hours to days.
|
|
|
What is the function of neutrophils?
|
They are the first line of defense against microorganisms.
Mode of action is phagocytosis. |
|
|
What is the function of eosinophils?
|
Eosinophilic granules contain major basic protein that is toxic to parasitic larvae as well as lysosomal enzymes, peroxidase, and histamines.
Functions of eosinophils are phagocytosis, disposal of antigen-antigen complexes, and defense against parasites. |
|
|
Name a distinguishing physical feature of eosinophels.
|
Nucleus is bi-lobed.
|
|
|
What is the lifespan of eosinophils?
|
8-12 days.
|
|
|
Name a distinguishing physical feature of basophils.
|
Shape of nucleus is irregular.
|
|
|
What do basophilic granules contain?
|
They contain heparin and histamine.
|
|
|
What is the function of basophils?
|
Their function is associated with allergies - IgE binds to cell membrane of basophils and mast cells. Next exposure triggers release of granules.
|
|
|
Name a physically distinguishing feature of lymphocytes.
|
Minimal amount of azurophilic granules.
Nucleus is round and takes up most of the lymphocyte's cytoplasm. ~28% of WBC's (largest amount) |
|
|
What is the lifespan of lymphocytes?
|
Days to years.
|
|
|
What is the function of lymphocytes?
|
Immunological defense mechanisms.
|
|
|
Name a physically distinguishing feature of monocytes.
|
Nucleus is indented and/or folded
|
|
|
What is the function of monocytes?
|
Function: important source of macrophages; engulf and digest bacteria, dead or dying cells.
|
|
|
What is the lifespan of monocytes?
|
Weeks to months
|
|
|
Describe the nucleus of platelets.
|
Platelets do not have a nucleus.
|
|
|
What is the fx of platelets?
|
To release clotting factors at injury sites (can form blood clots too).
To release serotonin (slows or stops blood flow) Has a role in vasoconstriction too |
|
|
What is the blood's response to bacterial invasion?
|
(1) INJURY – bacteria penetrate epithelial barrier
(2) CHEMOTAXIS – tissue breakdown products and bacterial products attract neutrophils to site of injury (3) DIAPEDESIS – neutrophils move through junctions between endothelial cells of venules (4) PHAGOCYTOSIS – engulfment of bacteria (5) APOPTOSIS – death of neutrophil and attraction of monocytes (which transform into active macrophages and phagocytize dead or dying neutrophils and cellular debris) |
|
|
Where is the origin of erythrocytes?
|
??
|
|
|
What is the function of large elastic arteries?
|
Transport blood away from heart under high pressure
Smooth out large fluctuations in pressure caused by the heartbeat Stretch during systole; contract during diastole. |
|
|
What are "vasa vasorum"?
|
A network of small blood vessels that supply large blood vessels (like the aorta).
|
|
|
What are the different types of capillaries?
|
Continuous, Fenestrated, and Sinusoidal.
|
|
|
What is an aneurysm?
|
Dilation of arterial wall, due to weakening of the tunica media.
Caused by birth defects, disease, or lesion. |
|
|
What is atherosclerosis?
|
Occlusion of artery lumen, due to focal thickenings of intima, proliferation of smooth muscle, deposits of cholesterol in smooth muscle cells and macrophages.
|
|
|
What is Myocardial infarction?
|
Severe reduction in blood flow to heart --> death of cardiac muscle.
|
|
|
Where are sinusoidal capillaries generally found?
|
In liver and hematopoeitic organs.
|
|
|
What are some morphological differences between veins and arteries?
|
Veins lack an internal elastic membrane and have a much thinner media
|
|
|
Compare morphologically lymphatic vessels to veins.
|
Lymphatic vessels are similar to veins in morphology except:
(1) they have thinner walls (2) more valves (3) contain only lymphocytes and coagulated lymph proteins (4) and have no erythrocytes |
