Anatomy 113

Front 1

The Cell- General Structure

Back 1

* All cells have different functions
*Wide Variety of shapes and sizes.
*Morphologically different, however have common characteristics.

Front 2

The body is Composed of the following elements

Back 2

*Oxygen
*Carbon
*Hydrogen
*Nitrogen

small amounts of calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, magnesium, chloride, and sulfur

Front 3

Inorganic Compounds

Back 3

when we die these don't completely decompose.

Water and electrolytes.

Front 4

Organic Compounds

Back 4

contain carbon, decompose rapidly after death.
Protein, Carbohydrates, Lipids, nucleic acids.

Front 5

Protein

Back 5

Structural- responsible for "form" or "shape"
Enzymes- catalyze chemical reactions
Hormones- act as regulators.

Front 6

Carbohydrates (CH20)

Back 6

Monosaccharides- simple sugar (glucose)
Disaccharides- 2 sugars linked together (sucrose)
Polysaccharides- many sugars (glycogen)

Front 7

Lipids

Back 7

Fats (storage form), cholesterol, phospholipids (structural form)

Front 8

Nucleic Acids

Back 8

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- chromosomes, genetic information

RNA (ribonucleic acid)- protein synthesis

Front 9

Cell Membrane

Back 9

-composed of lipids(phospholipids), proteins, carbohydrates.
-Functions: Compartmentalization (makes compartment for the cell)
-Regulation of movement of materials from one area to another
-Selectively permeable
-Provides for intercellular interactions.
allows communication between cells
cell-cell recognition sites (adhesions)
-Provides recognition sites- hormones, antibodies, enzymes.

Front 10

Nucleus

Back 10

cells command center.
Structure- dense mass, chromatin (DNA & Protein), nuclear envelope(membrane surrounding nucleus), nucleolus- site of RNA synthesis.
FUNCTION- store genetic mateial, involved in cell division(mitosis), Regulates cellular metabolism & activity of all organelles

Front 11

Ribosomes

Back 11

function- site of protein synthesis
in fat cells not a lot of ribosomes
-Composed of protein and RNA

Front 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 12

Function: provides a channel for communication and transport of substances through the cell.
Structure: membranous network of channels; located throughout the cytoplasm; continuous with nuclear membrane

Front 13

Golgi Complex

Back 13

Structure: Stacks of flattened sacs
Function: storage of proteins, packages materials into vesicles or granules for storage or secretion

Front 14

Mitochondria

Back 14

power house of cell
Structure- Rod shaped and internal compartments, called cisternae
Function- cellular respiration production of energy from ATP for cellular functions

Front 15

Microtubles

Back 15

small, hollow tubules which run throughout the cytoplasm.
Funtions: supporting network (cellular framework), conducting channels through which substances pass through the cytoplasm, structural component of centiroles and cilia

Front 16

Centrioles

Back 16

play an important role in cell division; two per cell located near the nucleus

Front 17

Microfilaments

Back 17

thin strands of protein usually found in bundles.
Function- provide skeletal support (cytoskeleton of cell), associated with contractile activities and cell movement

Front 18

Microvilli

Back 18

increases surface area of the cell membrane and facilitates transport; finger like projections of cell membrane made by infolding

Front 19

Cilia

Back 19

move in a wave like fashion to move mucous; cutoplasmic projections made of microtubules

Front 20

Cellular Adhesions
-Tight Junctions
-Desmosomes
-Gap Functions

Back 20

Junctional complexes; specialized regions of contact
Tight Junctions- from a tight seal between cells
Desmosomes- spot-weld cells together
Gap Functions- allow for cell to cell exchange and communication( to bind cells together (skin cells) form barrier.

Front 21

Cells which are extremely specialized and have lost their ability to divide

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red blood cells (mature) no nucleus
Neuron (nerve cells) no centriole
Muscle cells (increase in size, not in number)

Front 22

Cells that normally do not divide, but can be induced to do so by appropriate stimulus

Back 22

liver cells- can regenerate in a few months time
lymphocytes- white blood cells

Front 23

Cells which continuously undergo cell division.

Back 23

skin
cells of the intestinal lining
Bone Marrow Cells (leads to leukemia)
*this is especially true fro cells which are subject to frequent destruction (exposure, friction)

Front 24

Features of Mitosis

Back 24

cell division
occurs in most cells of the body
results in 2 daughter cells identical to parent cell
23 pairs or 46 chromosomes

Front 25

Features of Meiosis

Back 25

cell division which occurs in gonades in "sex cells" ova and sperm
Results in 4 daughter cells which contain 1/2 the DNA or number of chromosome of parent cell (23 chromosomes)

Front 26

Cellular Adaptaions

Back 26

many cells have the ability to undergo changes in response to stimuli or injury in attempt to adapt to altered or unfavorable conditions.

Front 27

Hypertrophy

Back 27

increase in size of cells

Front 28

Hyperplasia

Back 28

increase in mitotic activity/number of cells

Front 29

atrophy

Back 29

decrease in size of cell, lack of use (arm in cast)

Front 30

metaplasia

Back 30

changes in cell response to disease or chronic irritation which results in the transformation of the cell into different cell types.

Front 31

Neoplasia

Back 31

neoplasm- new cells mass, rapid multiplication.
Benign V Malignant.

Front 32

Fluid Mosaic Model

Back 32

Current theory for the arrangement of the components of the cell membrane. Lipid components are arranged in a bilayer, which acts somewhat like a fluid. Proteins and carbohydrates float like icebergs in this sea of lipid.

Front 33

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 33

Has multiple ribosomes on its surface. Responsible for manufacture and transport of protein.

Front 34

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 34

Responsible for lipid production and metabolism and calcium storage

Front 35

Interphase

Back 35

G1, S, G2
Non dividing stage of cells. Cell is involved in DNA replication and growth. Rapidly dividing cells (such as skin, GI, and bone) are especially vulnerable.

Front 36

G1 Phase

Back 36

Phase one of Interphase. Normal cellular activities, cell growth, and duplication of organelles. Protein synthesis also occurs.

Front 37

S Phase

Back 37

DNA replication occurs

Front 38

G2 Phase

Back 38

Synthesis of protein, microtubules,etc.

Front 39

Mitotic Phase

Back 39

Aka- nuclear division. 2 daughter cells produced; can either enter a new cell cycle immediately, rest as an "uncommitted" cell, or specialize, age, and die.

Front 40

Chromosome

Back 40

Dark-staining, threadlike body int he nucleus containing genetic information.

Front 41

Chromatin

Back 41

DNA and protein

Front 42

Chromatid

Back 42

Duplicated chromosomes (look like X)

Front 43

Karyotype

Back 43

Number and type of chromosomes an individual has

Front 44

Centriole

Back 44

Cylindrical structure; composed of microtubules; serves as organizing center for the mitotic spindle

Front 45

Prophase

Back 45

The nuclear membrane disappears and the chromosomes become condensed. Stage number 1.

Front 46

Metaphase

Back 46

The paired chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell. Stage number 2.

Front 47

Anaphase

Back 47

The chromosomes separate and migrate to opposite sides of the cell. Stage number 3.

Front 48

Telophase

Back 48

The nucleus divides into two units which have the same composition of DNA.