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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass
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Energy
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the ability to do work
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List the 4 types of energy
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1-chemical
2-electrical 3-mechanical 4-radiant |
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elements
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fundamental units of mater
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atoms
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building blocks of elements
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what are the charge of protons?
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positive
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what are the charge of neutrons?
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neutral
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what is the charge of an electron?
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negative
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what is inside the nucleus of an atom?
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neutrons & protons
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what is outside of the nucleus of an atom?
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electrons
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atomic number
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equal to the number of protons that the atom contains
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atomic mass number
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sum of the protons and neutrons
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molecules
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two or more like atoms combined chemically (like O2)
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compound
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two or more different atoms combined chemically
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hydrogen bonds
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bonds between hydrogen
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disulfide bonds
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two sulfurs put together
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chemical bonds
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a force, not a structure - similar to a magnet
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covalent bonds
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share electrons
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valence shell
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outer most shell of electrons - wants to have 8 electrons
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ionic bonds
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gain or lose an electron
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how to fill an atom's shells?
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shell #1: max 2 electrons
shell #2: max 8 electrons shell #3: max 18 electrons (wants 8) |
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Rule of eights
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atoms are considered stable when their outermost orbital has 8 electrons
the exception - shell #1 which can only hold 2 electrons |
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Reactive elements
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valence shells are not full, unstable. Lose, gain and share electrons
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ionic bonds
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form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
weak in water |
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ions
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charged particals
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anions
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negative
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cation
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positive
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covalent bonds
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atoms that become stable through shared electrons
stable in water |
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hydrogen bonds
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weak, when hydrogen electrons bond together
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Synthesis reactions
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A+B->AB
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Decomposition reaction
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AB->A+B
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exchange reationc
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AB + C -> AC + B
both synthesis and decompositions |
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how do you make ATP?
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C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O +ATP + Heat
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organic compounds
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CONTAIN CARBON
covalently bonded |
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inorganic compounds
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LACK CARBON
simple compounds |
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vital properties of water
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-high heat capacity
-polarity/solvent properties -chemical reactivity |
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intracellular fluid
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65% of body water
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extracellular fluid
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35% of body water
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salts
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vital to many body fx, dissociate into ions in the presence of water
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acids
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release hydrogen ions (H+)
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bases
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release hydroxyl ions (OH-), proton acceptors
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neutralization reaction
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acids and bases react together to form water and salt
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metabolism tends to make the body fluids _____.
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acidic
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what does pH stand for?
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parts hydrogen
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what is the normal pH of blood?
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7.35 - 7.45
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neutral
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pH 7
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acidic
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pH below 7
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basic
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pH above 7
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buffers
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chemicals that can regulate pH change
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carbohydrates
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contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. include sugars and starches.
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how are carbohydrates classified?
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according to size
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monosaccharides
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simple sugars
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disaccharides
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two simple sugars joined
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polysaccharides
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long branching chains of simple sugars
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oligosaccharides
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few sugars. serve as antigens (cell markers)
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lipids
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contain carbon and hydrogen and oxygen. more C and H than O, insoluble in water
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triglycerides
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in fat deposits, stored energy, made of fatty acids and gycerol
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phospholipids
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form cell membranes
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steroids
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include cholesterol, bile salts, vit. D, and some hormones
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cholesterol
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basis for steroids in the body
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proteins
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made of 20 amino acids, provide for construction materials in body
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what are proteins made up of?
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contain C, H, N, and sometimes sulfur
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fibrous proteins
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appear in body structures, very stable
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globular proteins
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"function proteins," antibodies or enzymes, can be denatured
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enzyms
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increase the rate of chemical reactions
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nucleic acids
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blueprint for life, make DNA and RNA
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what are the nucleotide bases?
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A,G,C,T,U
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what does A stand for?
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Adenine
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what does G stand for?
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Guanine
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what does T stand for?
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thymine
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what does U stand for?
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uracil
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DNA
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provides instructions for every protein in the body
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ATP
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chemical energy used by cells
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What charge do protons have
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positive
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the first 3 rings of an atom should hold how many electrons each?
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2, 8, 8
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what is the symbol for potassium?
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K
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how many protons and electrons does a hydrogen have?
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1,1
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if an element has 6 p+ and 10nand 6e-, what would it's atomic mass be?
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16
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what is the valence shell
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the last shell of electrons
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a bond that involves the transfer of electrons is called
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ionic
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name the first 9 most common elements in the body and it's abbreviation
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calicum (Ca), carbon (C), chlorine (Cl), Cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), fluorine(F), hydrogen (H), iodine (I), iron (Fe)
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name the last 9 most common elements in the body and it's abbreviation
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magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn)
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what elements are cells made up of?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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interstitial fluid
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liquid which cells are bathed in
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what is the nucleus?
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control center of the cell, contains genetic material
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nuclear envelope
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outer wall of the nucleus
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nuclear pores
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pathways between both sides of nuclear envelope
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nucleoplasm
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fluid which the nucleus parts are suspended in
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nucleoli
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sites where ribosomes are assembled
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chromatin
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network of DNA and protein - early stages of chromosomes
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chromosomes
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tightly rolled chromatin
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plasma membrane
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separates inside and outside of the cell
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what are the types of membrane junctions
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tight, desmosomes, gap
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what are tight junctions?
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bind cells together to make leakproof sheets
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desmosomes
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prevent cells from mechanical stress
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gap junctions
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allow communication, nutrients and ions to pass through
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cytoplasm
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cellular material inside the plasma membrane
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cytosol
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fluid in which cell parts are suspended
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organelles
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carry out metabolic functions
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inclusions
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non functioning chemicals of the cell
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cytoplasmic organelles
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cell organs that maintain life
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what are the cytoplasmic organelles?
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mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton, centrioles
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mitochondria
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responsible for ATP generation
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ribosomes
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sites of protein synthesis
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endoplasmic reticulum
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channels inside cell, holds ribosomes
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rough ER
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forms cell building membranes
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smooth ER
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breaks down cholesterol & fats, detoxifies
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golgi apparatus
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directs proteins by modifying & sending them to rough ER
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transport vessicles
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transport protein from gogli apparatus to rough ER
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secretory vessels
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send proteins to be exported from gogli to plasma membrane
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lysosomes
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digest worn out cell material & foreign material. also in WBC's
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peroxisomes
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detoxify cells of harmful & poisonous materials
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free radicals
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reactive chemicals w/ unstable electrons - damages proteins
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cytoskeleton
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proteins structures throughout the cytoplasm
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microfilaments
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cell shape & movement
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intermediate filaments
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form desmosomes
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microtubules
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detirmine shape of cell & placement of organelles
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centrioles
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form mitotic spindle, have cillia to move substances over cell surface
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what are the cells that connect body parts?
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fibroblasts, erythrocytes
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what are cells that cover & line body organs?
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epithelial
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cells that move organs and body parts
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skeletal muscle cells & smooth muscle cells
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what are cells that store nutrients
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fat cells
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cells that fight disease
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macrophage
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cells that gather information & control body functions
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nerve cells
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cells of reproduction
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oocyte, sperm
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selective permeability
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allows only some substances to pass
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passive transport
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substances may move in and out of a cell without any energy
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active transport
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cell uses metabolic energy to drive transport
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diffusion
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molecules and ions scatter to all available space - uses kinetic energy
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concentration gradient
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molecules move to where there are less molecules
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what are the types of tonic solutions?
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isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic
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isotonic solution
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same tonicicity as the cells - cell size stays the same
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hypertonic solution
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higher tonicicity as the cell. Cell expands until it bursts
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hypotonic solution
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lower tonicicity than the cell, cell shrinks
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what is interphase
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when cell grows & carries on it's normal cell functions
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