Anatomy 1 Ch 1, 2, 4

Front 1

Sagittal Plane

Back 1

Median line, Side to side plane

Front 2

Midsagittal

Back 2

the midline of the body and divides into equal right and left sides

Front 3

Parasagittal

Back 3

a vertical line that divides the body into unequal left and right sides

Front 4

Frontal (coronal) Plane

Back 4

the line that divides the body into anterior and posterior regions

Front 5

Transverse (horizontal) Plane

Back 5

The line that divides the body into Superior and inferior parts (upper and lower)

It is also known as the cross section

Front 6

Oblique Plane

Back 6

Slanted, at an angle

Front 7

Superior (cranial/cephalic) vs Inferior (caudal)

Back 7

Superior: more toward the head end of the body or surface

Inferior: more toward the feet

Front 8

Anterior (ventral) vs Posterior (dorsal)

Back 8

Anterior: toward the front of the body

Posterior: toward the rear of the body

Front 9

Medial vs Lateral

Back 9

Medial: toward the midline of the body

Lateral: away from the mid-line of the body

Front 10

Proximal vs Distal

Back 10

Proximal: nearer the point of attachment to the trunk of the body

Distal: further the point of attachment to the trunk of the body

ONLY APPLIES TO LIMBS

Front 11

Organ Systems

Back 11

• Integumentary (skin)
  
• Skeletal system
  
• Muscular
• Nervous
• Endocrine (hormones)
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic (immune)
• Respiratory (gas exchange)
• Digestive
• Urinary (waste removal)
• Reproductive

Front 12

Ventral (Anterior) Cavity:

Back 12

The upper body cavity, includes: Thoracic Cavity, Abdominopelvic cavity

Front 13

Thoracic Cavity:

Back 13

Organs: Heart, Lungs, Trachea, esophagus, thymus (kids)

Cavities: Mediastinum, Pleural, Pericardial

Front 14

Abdominopelvic cavity

Back 14

Organs: Stomach, Liver, Pancreas, Large intestine, Small intestine, Kidneys, ureters, Spleen, Urinary bladder, reproductive organs

Cavities: Abdominal, Pelvic

Front 15

Mediastinum

Back 15

Pericardial (heart), Esophagus, Trachea, Thymus

Front 16

Abdominal Cavity:

Back 16

Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, Kidneys, Ureter

Front 17

Pelvic Cavity:

Back 17

Urinary Bladder, Urethra, reproductive organs, some of the reproductive organs

Front 18

Cranial Cavity:

Back 18

• Houses the Brain
  

Front 19

Posterior (dorsal) Cavities:

Back 19

Cranial and Vertebral Cavities

Front 20

Anatomical Organization

Back 20

1. Chemical Level (atoms, molecules
   

Front 21

Serous Membranes

Back 21

Thin lining of the ventral cavity, broken into 2 layers: the Parietal layer, and Visceral Layer

Front 22

Parietal Layer

Back 22

Lines the internal surface of the body wall

Front 23

Visceral Layer

Back 23

Covers the external layer of organs

Front 24

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

Back 24

• Avascular
  
• High regeneration capacity
• Polar
• Attached
• Cellular

Front 25

Epithelial Tissue General Function

Back 25

Covers surfaces, lines insides of organs and cavities

Front 26

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Back 26

• Simple Squamos
• Simple Cubodial
• Nonciliated Simple Columnar
• Ciliated Simple Columnar
• Transitional
• Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamos
• keratinized Stratified Squamos
  
• Psuedostratified Columnar
• Glandular

Front 27

Simple Squamous

Back 27

Function: Rapid Diffusion, Filtration, and some secretion in serous membranes

Location: Arteries, and Air sacs in Lungs

Front 28

The Major tissue types

Back 28

• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscle Tissue
• Nervous Tissue

Front 29

Nervous Tissue

Back 29

Function: Control Activities

Ex. Ruffini Corpuscle, Meissner's Corpuscle, Free Nerve Ending, Pacinian Corpuscle

Front 30

Muscle Tissue

Back 30

Functions:

Facilitates movement for the whole body

Ex: Papilla erector (makes hair stand up)

Front 31

Simple Cuboidal

Back 31

Function: Absorption and Secretion

Location: Kidneys, Glands, Lungs, ovary

Front 32

Nonciliated Simple Columnar

Back 32

Function: Secretion of Mucus, Absorption and Secretion

Location: Lining of the Digestive Tract, lining of the stomach does not contain goblet cells

Front 33

Ciliated Simple Columnar

Back 33

Function: Secretion of Mucin and Movement of mucus along the Apical (outer) Surface of the epithelium by action of Cilia

Location: Lining of the Uterine tubes, and Bronchioles of respiratory tract

Front 34

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

Back 34

Function: Protection of underlying tissues

Location: Lining of the Vagina, Oral Cavity, Esophagus, and Anus

Front 35

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

Back 35

Function: Protection of underlying tissues

Location: Epidermis of Skin

Front 36

Stratified Cuboidal

Back 36

Function: Protection and Secretion

Location: Found in large ducts in most exocrine glands

Front 37

Pseudostratified Columnar

Back 37

Function: Protection, ciliated form also involved in secretion of mucin and the movement of mucus across the surface.

Location: Ciliated form is in most of the Respiratory Tract, including trachea, nasal cavity

Front 38

Transitional Epithelium

Back 38

Function: Distension and relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes in bladder, ureters, and urethra.

Location: Urinary Bladder, Ureters, Urethra

Front 39

Glandular

Front 40

Types of Junction

Front 41

Endocrine Glands

Back 41

Lack ducts and secrete their fluids directly into the interstitial Fluid or blood stream

They Secrete hormones internally

Front 42

Exocrine Glands

Back 42

Are typically in Epithelium Tissue, Externally secrete

Ex: Goblet cells

Types: Merocrine, Holocrine, Apocrine

Front 43

Merocrine Glands

Back 43

They package their secretions in secretory vesicles

Location: Tear glands, Salivary glands, Some sweat glands, Pancreas Exocrine Glands

Front 44

Holocrine Glands

Back 44

Ex. Oil Producing glands in the skin

Secrete by the Vesicles rupturing

Front 45

Apocrine Glands

Back 45

Ex Mammary Glands

Secrete by decapitating the Vesicles

Front 46

Acini

Back 46

Are the sacs the produce secretion in the exocrine gland, with multiple ducts leading into larger ducts

Front 47

Duct

Back 47

A tube from which the exocrine gland discharges secretions to the apical surface

Front 48

Mesenchymal Cell

Back 48

Stem Cells for the connective tissue

They can change into what cells you want them to!

They are the original connective tissue type

Front 49

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Back 49

• ”forms of proteins and sugars created by the cells
  
• Actin filament integrin
  
• proteoglycan
  
• fibronectin cross-linked fibers of collagen
• plasma membrane
  
• Fiber + Ground structure = Extracellular Matrix
  

Front 50

Fibroblasts

Back 50

Structure: Large, Flat cells

Function: they produce the fiber and ground substance components of the extracellular matrix

Front 51

Adipocytes:

Back 51

AKA Fat cells

Store lipid reserves

Front 52

Connective Tissue Proper

Back 52

Loose Connective Tissue (fewer fibers more ground substance)

Dense Connective TIssue (more fibers less ground substance)

Front 53

Connective Tissue Functions

Back 53

• Physical Protection
  
• Support and Structure Framework for body organs
• Binding of structures (Ligaments bind bone to bone, Tendons bind muscles to bone, Dense irregular bind skin to underlying structures)
• Storage for vitamins, minerals, and fat
• Transports (connective tissue in blood)
• Immune Protection ( Leukocytes, and Macrophage)

Front 54

Ground Substance

Back 54

Is made of proteins and carbs

Front 55

Protein Fibers Types:

Back 55

• Collagen: Strong and Stretch Resistance
• Elastic: Flexible and Resilient
• Reticular: Form and Interwoven Framework

Front 56

Loose Connective Tissue

Back 56

1. Areolar
2. Adipose
3. Reticular

Front 57

Dense Connective Tissue

Back 57

1. Regular
2. Irregular
3. Elastic

Front 58

Areolar Tissue

Back 58

Function: Binds and packs around organs

Location: Surrounding nerves and subcutaneous layer

Front 59

Mast Cells

Back 59

Structure: Small, Mobile Cells, Contain Granule-filled cytoplasm

Function: They secrete heparin to inhibit blood clotting, and histamine to dilate blood vessel and increase blood flow

Front 60

Plasma Cells:

Back 60

Function: They are small "factories" that make Disease-Fighting antibodies.

Location: Spleen, and intestines

Front 61

Free Macrophages

Back 61

Function: These Mobile, phagocytotic cells form monocytes (white blood cells), to fight any bacteria, damaged cells, foreign objects

Front 62

Connective-Tissue Cell Types

Back 62

• Mast Cells
  
• Fibroblasts
• Macrophages
• Adipocytes
• Plasma Cells

Front 63

Adipose Tissue

Back 63

Location: Hypodermis, Subcutaneous layer

Function: Protects, stores fat, insulates

Front 64

Reticular Tissue

Back 64

Function: Forms stroma of lymphatic organs

Location: Stroma of Spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

Front 65

Dense Regular

Back 65

Function: Provides strength and Flexibility primarily in a single direction

Location: Tendons and Ligaments

Front 66

Dense Irregular

Back 66

Function: Provides Tensile Strength in all directions

Location: Dermis, Capsules of Organs

Front 67

Elastic Connective

Back 67

Function: Provides Framework and support for organs

Location: Walls of large arteries and organs

Front 68

Epidermis Cell Types

Back 68

• Keratinocytes (are stem cells that replace old keratin cell)
• Melanocytes (they produce and store Melanin, which respond to Ultraviolet Radiation)
• Tactile Cells (Aka Merkle Cells, they are touch receptors)

Front 69

Integumentary System Functions

Back 69

• Protection (With it selective permeable layer)
• Prevention of Water Loss
• Temperature Regulation
• Sensory Reception
• Immune Defense (epidermal dendritic cells)
• Excretion by means of Secretion (sweating)
• Metabolic Regulation (Vitamin D absorption)

Front 70

Layers of the Epidermis

Back 70

• Stratum Basale (cuboidal/ columnar) (Contains: Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkle cell) (basement Layer)
• Stratum Spinosum ( the biggest layer)
• Stratum Granulosum (keratinization begins here)
• Stratum Lucidum (Translucent layer that is only present in thick skin)
• Stratum Corneum (made of anucleate, dead keratin cells)

Front 71

Thick Skin Vs Thin Skin

Back 71

Thick: is found on palms and feet, but contains no hair or sebaceous glands

Thin: Is lacking the Lucidum Stratum layer of the epidermis

Front 72

Dermis Layers:

Back 72

• Papillary Layer: The upper region of the Dermis
• Reticular Layer: Is many dense irregular tissue

Front 73

Papillary Layer:

Back 73

It contain Dermal Papillae (finger like projections) with interlock with Epidermal ridges to increase the area of contact between the epidermis and the Dermis

Front 74

Reticular Layer:

Back 74

It is made of Dense Irregular tissue to support structures such as hair follicles, Glands, nerves, blood vessels

Reticular mean network

Front 75

Subcutaneous Layer

Back 75

Deep into the Dermis is mainly composed of areolar connective tissue and Adipose connective tissue

Front 76

Nails

Back 76

They are extremely rich in keratin, Stratum Corneum

Front 77

Hair Follicle:

Back 77

• It is the deep pit that are deep extension of the epidermis

• Outer Connective tissue layer (support and attachment role, Muscle)

• Inner Epithelial tissue layer (produces hair)( matrix makes hair)

Front 78

Hair Papilla

Back 78

• is the bottom of the bulb of the hair
• is where blood vessel and nerves are that provide the growth materials for hair
  

Front 79

Hair Function

Back 79

• Some Heat retention
• Sensory
• Social/ physical status
• Protection

Front 80

Arrector Pili Muscle

Back 80

cause our hairs to stand up (goose bumps)

Front 81

The Papillus (the hair itself)

Back 81

• Root: The part of the hair below the surface,or the part in the follicle
• Shaft: is the part that we can see
  

Front 82

Sweat (Sudoriferous) Glands

Back 82

• Merocrine
• Apocrine

Front 83

Merocrine

Back 83

The Sweat glands all over your body

Front 84

Apocrine

Back 84

• secreted into hair follicle
• in pits and groin regions
  

Front 85

Sebaceous (oil) glands

Back 85

• typically secrete into the hair follicle, oils and fats to protect hair
  

Front 86

Skin Color

Back 86

• Melanocyte protects DNA from UV ray damages
• Skin color is based not on quantity of melanocyte, but how much melanin they create
• They make the melanin for all nearby cells
  

Front 87

Mammary Glands

Back 87

• Breast Glands the secrete milk

Front 88

Ceruminous Gland

Back 88

• true Apocrine Glands
• Make Ear wax

Front 89

Friction Ridges

Back 89

• Occur on finger, hands, feet, so help increase friction

Front 90

Meissner’s (tactile) corpuscles

Back 90

responsible to light pressure sensory

is in the papilla layer

Front 91

Pacinian (lamellar) corpuscle

Back 91

• Sense deep pressure

• look like onion layers

Front 92

Ruffini’s organs

Back 92

Sense deep pressure

They are in the Hypodermis