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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Medial
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closer to the median plane or midline
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Lateral
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further from the median plane or midline
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Cranial
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toward the head
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Caudal
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toward the tail
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Ventral
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toward the ground
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What head term corresponds to "cranial" in the rest of the body?
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Rostral
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For what is the term dorsal used?
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Surface of the body away from the ground and the surface below the proximal carpus and tarsus directed toward the head (surface opposite the palmar/planter)
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What is the picture taken by the radiographic machine called?
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Radiograph or film, not an x-ray
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Why isn't X-ray an appropriate term for a radiograph/film?
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Can't see X-rays
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What is evaluated in a radiograph?
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Shape and Density
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What can eliminate the need to think about the inverse square rule?
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Using standard distances for different techniques (technique chart) eliminates distance as a variable
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How do you minimize the distortion of divergence in radiology?
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Always place the part/side of interest against the cassette so it will be sharp and close to actual size.
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How do the five different radiographic densities appear on film?
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Air = black; Fat = black; Water = Shades of gray; Bone = white; and Metal = white.
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What are the five B's that aid in remembering density differences?
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Bubbles, Blubber, Blood, Bone and Bullet = air, fat, water, bone and metal.
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What is required to see structures in a radiograph that touch each other?
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Differences in densities between them.
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How is fat a friend when reading radiographs?
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More radiolucent = contrasts soft tissues (e.g., perirenal fat around the kidney)
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Increased opacity:
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Whiter shadow than expected caused by an increased subject density or size.
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Decreased opacity:
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Darker shadow that expected, due to a decrease in the subject density or size.
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Radiolucent:
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Dark, a structure allowing most of the X-rays to pass through it, resulting in a dark shadow.
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Radiopaque:
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White, a structure that blocks most of the X-rays resulting in a white shadow.
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Increased radiolucency:
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Darker, caused by a decreased density or size of a subject.
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What is the general rule in preparing the animal to take good radiographs?
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Minimal amount of movement.
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Discuss minimal amount of movement when taking radiographs:
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Varies with type of radiograph: from minimal restraint, to sedation, or anesthetized (eg., spine films)
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What does and does not lead protect against in relationship to radiology?
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Does: scatter; Doesn't: primary beam
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What is often imagined in radiographs but cant be seen as it is a 2D image?
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Do not try to read or see depth.
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How are radiographic views named?
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Where the beam enters and exits the body/part.
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What do lead "R" and "L" markers indicate on a radiograph?
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Patient's lateral side placed on the film/ "down", side of body in VD and DV films, or which limb if there is only one limb in the film.
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What should always be used to check if the markers on a film are correct?
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Anatomical landmarks
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What is the survival law when reading radiographs?
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Read in a systematic manner
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What helps you orient the views and indicate the direction of the beam?
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Anatomical landmarks
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What view silhouettes lateral and medial limb structures?
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Craniocaudally, dorsopalmar, or dorsoventral
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Since a radiograph is a 2D representation of a 3D object, how is the third dimension extrapolated?
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At least two radiographs must be taken at 90 degree angles to each other.
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The different views _______ different sides of the bones.
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Highlight/silhouette
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What does the lateral view silhouette?
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Cranial and caudal surfaces of bones.
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Is cartilage seen radiographically?
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No, only inferred. Cartilage is evaluated by checking the subchondral bone.
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What is the space between bones seen in a radiograph?
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Joint space and articula cartilage.
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What is the composition of most long bones at birth?
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Bone capped at both ends with articular cartilage, 2 cartilaginous discs between the diaphysis and the 2 epiphyses.
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What are the cartilaginous discs between diaphysis and epiphyses?
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Growth plate, epiphyseal, or metaphyseal; or physis
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During growth, how does the physis appear radiographically?
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As a radiolucent line (dark line).
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~ Where does lengthening of bone occur?
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Epiphyseal side growth plate/ physis of the metaphyseal plate.
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What should not be mistaken for fracture radiographically?
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Physeal lines or sesamoid bones
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What is a normal remnant of the closed physis?
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Physeal scar
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