Anati0A Chapter 2

Front 1

4 types of macromolecules

Back 1

protiens, lipids (fats), nucleic acids, carbohydrates

Front 2

Cells are the

Back 2

structural and functional units of all living organisms.  They are the building blocks of human body

Front 3

How many cells does the adult human body contain

Back 3

75 trillion

Front 4

True or false each cell type in the body performs a specific function

Back 4

TRUE

Front 5

All cells perform the general functions necessary to sustain life which are:

Back 5

1. Nutrients and other matierials essential for survivial from its surrounding fluids2. Dispose of wastes they produce3.  Maintain shape and integrity4. cell division (reproduction)

Front 6

most cell in the human body are between

Back 6

1 micrometer and 100 micrometer

Front 7

 forms the outer, limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from external materials

Back 7

The plasma membrane

Front 8

Functions of the Cell Membrane

Back 8

Communication, intercellular connection, physical barrier, slective permeability

Front 9

Requires the participation of specific transport proteins that help specific substances or molecules move across the plasma membrane

Back 9

Facilitated Diffusion

Front 10

Involves the diffusion of both solvents and solutes together across the selectively permeable membrane. 

Back 10

Bulk Filtration

Front 11

Active Transport

Back 11

Movement of a substance across a plasma membrane against a concentration gradient, requires energy in the form of ATP

Front 12

Materials must be moved from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Back 12

Active Transport

Front 13

ATP is continually synthesized by

Back 13

mitochondria

Front 14

Active transport processes that move ions across the membrane are called

Back 14

ion pumps

Front 15

ion pumps allow

Back 15

a cell to maintain its internal concentrations of small molecules or ions

Front 16

Name the 2 types of bulk transport

Back 16

exocytosis and endocytosis

Front 17

Exocytosis

Back 17

The means by which large molecules are secreted from the cell

Front 18

Endocytosis

Back 18

a process whereby the cell acquires materials from the extracellular fluid

Front 19

Name the 3 forms of endocytosis

Back 19

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 20

phagocytosis

Back 20

solid objects are take into the cell by enclosed vesicles called phagocytes.

Hint 20

cell eating

Front 21

pinocytosis

Back 21

the incorporation of droplets of extracellular fluid into the cell and small vesicles.

Hint 21

cell drinking

Front 22

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 22

when receptors with specific molecules bound to them aggregate within the membrane, and then an invagination forms around them to create a cytoplasmic vesicle

Front 23

Passive Transport

Back 23

Movement of substances along a concentration gradient - ATP is not required

Front 24

Cytoplasm

Back 24

Cytoplasm is a general term for all cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.; Contains cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

Front 25

Organelles

Back 25

Organelles are complex, organized structures with unique, characteristic shapes

Front 26

Each type of ______ performs a different function for the cell

Back 26

organelle

Front 27

organelles

Back 27

are essential for normal cellular structure and activities

Front 28

Membranous Organelles (think GEL in the PM)

Back 28

 Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.

Front 30

Functions of the Golgi Apparatus

Back 30

Modification: modifies plasma membrane
Packaging: packages enzyme for lysomes
Sorting: Sorts all materials for delivery to plasma membrane

Front 31

Functions of Lysosomes

Back 31

Digestion: Digest all materials that enter cell by endocytosisRemoval: remove worn-out or damaged organelles and cellular components; recycle small molecules for resynthesisSelf-destruction: digest the remains (autolysis) after cellular death

Front 32

function of peroxisomes

Back 32

detoxification: detoxify harmful substances, converts hydrogen peroxide to water

Front 33

Mitochondria

Back 33

organelles with a double membrane, that Produce large amounts of ATP,  The powerhouse" of the cell."

Front 34

Non-Membranous Organelles

Back 34

Some organelles are in direct contact with the cytosol They are ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centrosomes, centrioles, cilia, flagella, microvilli, and inclusions

Front 35

Ribosomes

Back 35

very small, dense granules that are responsible for protein production (synthesis).

Front 36

Each ________ has a small and a large subunit

Back 36

ribosome

Front 37

The Cytoskeleton

Back 37

Filamentous proteins, which helps give the cell its shape and coordinates cellular movements.

Front 38

The Cytoskeleton is comprised of 3 parts

Back 38

microfilamentsintermediate filamentsmicrotubules

Front 39

functions of the cyto skeleton

Back 39

1. structural support of the cell2. cytosol streaming3. Cell motility4. movement of organelles and material through the cell5. movement of chromosomes during cell division.

Front 40

the function of centrosomes and centrioles

Back 40

1. microtubule organizing center in nondividing cells2. spindle formation center in dividing cells

Front 41

Appendages extending from the surface of some cells.

Back 41

Cilia and Flagella

Front 42

Cilia

Back 42

usually occur in large numbers; they work together to move materials or fluids along the surface of a cell

Front 43

Flagella

Back 43

longer than cilia, and usually occur as single appendages.

Front 44

The Nucleus

Back 44

the central core, or the control center, of cellular activities

Front 45

The Nucleaus controls

Back 45

protein synthesis and directs the functional and structural characteristics of the cell

Front 46

largest structure within the cell and appears as a single spherical or oval structure

Back 46

The Nucleus

Front 47

Functions of the Nucleus

Back 47

1. contains genetic material, which directs all cellular activity and regulates cellular structure.2.  Assembly of ribosomal subunits within nucleolus

Front 48

double membrane structure that encloses the nucleus 

Back 48

the nuclear envelope

Front 49

Then nuclear envelope controls...

Back 49

the entry and exit of materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

Front 50

the nucleolus

Back 50

one or more spherical, darkstaining bodies inside the nucleus. Responsible for making the small and large subunits of ribosomes.

Front 51

DNA

Back 51

the genetic material housed within the nucleus of the cell

Front 52

a polymer of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base) in the shape of a double helix

Back 52

DNA

Front 53

chromatin is formed by

Back 53

Strands of DNA and histone proteins

Front 54

the most organized level of genetic material

Back 54

The chromosome

Front 55

chromosome contains

Back 55

a single, long molecule of DNA and associated proteins

Front 56

when are chromosomes visible

Back 56

when the cell is dividing

Front 57

The life cycle of the cell is called the

Back 57

cell cycle.

Front 58

name the phases of the cell cycle

Back 58

cytokinesis, G1 phase, S phase, G2 Phase, Mitosis

Front 59

name the two tyoes of cell division

Back 59

mitosis and meiosis

Front 60

mitosis

Back 60

the cell division process that takes place in somatic cells (two twins)

Front 61

Meiosis

Back 61

cell division process that occurs with sex cells.

Front 62

phases of Mitosis

Back 62

Division of nucleus (chromosomes) Prophase (puffy)Metaphase (middle)Anaphase (apart)Telophase (two)

Front 63

Tumor

Back 63

disruption in the balance between cell division and cell death where cells multiply faster than they die.  Results in abnormal growth results called a neoplasm or tumor.

Front 64

usually grow slowly and are confined within a connective tissue capsule

Back 64

Benign neoplasms

Front 65

Cancer

Back 65

the general term used to describe a group of diseases characterized by various types of malignant neoplasms

Front 66

 charaterisitics of a malignant neoplasm

Back 66

-unencapsulated- contain cells that dedifferentiate (are undifferentiated) -increase their vascular supply ngrow rapidly -spread easily to other organs by way of the blood or lymph (metastasis)

Front 67

they overgrow one another and lack the ability to stop growing and dividing when they crowd other cells

Back 67

cancer cells lose contact inhibition

Front 68

Cancer cells lose control of their cell cycle.

Back 68

they divide too frequently and grow out of control

Front 69

Cancer Cells Exhibit _______ and revert to an earlier, less specialized developmental state.

Back 69

dedifferentiation

Front 70

Produce chemicals that cause local blood vessel formation resulting in increased blood vessels in the developing tumor

Back 70

angiogenesis

Front 71

invasiveness

Back 71

Have the ability to squeeze into any space permitting them to leave their place of origin and travel elsewhere in the body

Front 72

metastasize

Back 72

malignant cells that spread to other organs in the body

Front 73

2 types of microscope

Back 73

Light Microscope and electron microscope

Front 74

2types of electron microscope

Back 74

Scanning EM (SEM)Transmission EM (TEM

Front 75

* what are the 8 cell functions

Back 75

communication, connection, covering, defense, lining, movement, reproduction, storage

Front 76

name the 2 types of carbohydrates

Back 76

glucose and sugar/saccharides

Front 77

name the 3 types of lipids

Back 77

cholesterol, glycolipids, and phospholipids

Front 78

types of nucleic acids

Back 78

deoxyribose NA (DNA) Nucleotides (A,T,G,C), Ribose NA (RNA) (A,U,G,C)

Front 79

types of Protiens

Back 79

integral protien receptors, peripheral protien enzymes, glycoprotiens.

Front 80

Organs in the RUQ

Back 80

Liver (Right lobe), gallbladder, right kidney, stomach, small and large intestine.

Front 81

Organs in the LUQ

Back 81

Liver (left lobe), stomach, pancreas, lift kidney, spleen, portions of the large intesine

Front 82

Organs in the RLQ

Back 82

cecum, appendix, small and large intestine, reporductive organs (ovary/spermatic cord) right ureter.

Front 83

Organs in the LLQ

Back 83

majority of the small intestine, portions of the large intestine, left ureter, reporductive organ (ovary/spermatic cord)

Front 84

What are types two types of cells?

Back 84

Somatic cells and Sex cells

Front 85

Sex cells are

Back 85

reproductive cells either sperm or oocyte

Front 86

Somatic cells are

Back 86

all other cells found inthe body other than sex cells.

Front 87

Non-membranous organelles

(3C Mutha F-ing right)

Back 87

Cytoskeleton, Cillia, Centrioles, Microvilli, Flagella, Ribosomes

Front 88

Membranous Organelles

(GEL in the PM)

Back 88

Golgi Apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria.

Front 89

Extracellular Fluid

Back 89

water medium outside the cell that it floats in

Front 90

composed of phospholipids, proteins, glycolipids, and cholesterol.

AKA cell membrane or plasmalemma

Back 90

Plasma membrane

Front 91

phospholipid bilayer

Back 91

the two distinct layers that form the plasma membrane

Front 92

Name the 2 types of membrane proteins

Back 92

Peripheral proteins : attached to the inner or outer membrane surface
Intergral proteins: embedded in the membrane

Front 93

glycocalyx

Back 93

viscous, superficial outer surface coating of the plasmamembrane

Front 94

diffusion

Back 94

the movement of solute from a high concentration to a low concentration.

(passive transport)

Front 95

osmosis

Back 95

the diffusion of water across a membrane from high water concentration to low concentration

Front 96

facilitated diffusion

Back 96

glucose, insoluable lipids, or amino acids too large to fit through membrane channels are passively transported by carrier proteins.

Front 97

Identify the two major subdivisions of cytoplasm

Back 97

cytosol and organelles

Front 98

The Endoplasmic Reticulum has 4 functions what are they

Back 98

synthesis: of carbohydrates, steroids, lipids (and protein in rough ER)
Storage:
Transport:
Detoxification:

Front 99

Smooth ER produces

Back 99

lipids, steriods and carbohydrates

Front 100

rough ER produces

Back 100

proteins

Front 101

The Golgi apparatus' major functions are

Back 101

syntheisis and packaging of secretions
Packaging of special enzymes for us in cytosol
Renewal of the plasma membrane