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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1 a. Describe the relationship between hormones and target organs.
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Hormones are specifically created to effect a target organ.
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2 a. Identify the three chemical classes of hormones and give an example of each.
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Steroids, peptides and biogenic amines (peptides and biogenic amines are = protiens)
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3 a. List the different glands in the endocrine system and the hormone(s) made by each.
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Hypothalaumus = ADH, Oxytocin, regulatory hormone. Pituitary gland + ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH. Thyroid Gland = Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. Thymus = thymosins. SupranenalGlands = Epinephine, Norepinephine, Cortisol, Corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens. Pineal gland=melatonin. Parathyroid gland=parathyroid hormone. heart=atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide. Kidney=erythropoietin, calcitriol. Adipose tissue=leptin, resistin. Digestive tract=numerous hormones (see digestive chapter). Pancreatic islets=insulin, glucagon. Gonad= androgens, inhibin, estrogins, progesterone, inhibin.
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b. What is the advantage of having many different hormones versus only a few?
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each hormone only effects this specific target hormone allowing for greater control over one organ/porcess to achieve homestasis.
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4 a. Where and what is the hypothalamus? What hormones does it secrete?
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The hypothalamus is found in the brain superior to the pituitary,
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b. How will a problem with the hypothalamus affect other glands?
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Since the hypothalamus is the control center for the other glands, the effect would be that the other glands would lose control and not be able to maintian homeostasis.
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5 a. Describe the differences between the anterior and posterior pituitary relative to the specific anatomy, blood flow, and hormones produced?
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The anterior pituitary is the anterior portion of the pituitary and secretes TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH, and MSH. The Posterior pituitary secrets ADH and oxcytocin.
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b. Explain which is directly connected to the hypothalamus.
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The posterior pituitary is directly connected to the hypothalamus.
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6 a. Describe the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
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a secondary capilary system where veinous blood picks up horomones to distribute to the rest of the organs in the body.
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b. Name one advantage of this system.
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it reduces the smount of blood vesseles required for the body to function.
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7 a. Describe the anatomy, location, and products of the thyroid gland.
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The thyroid gland curves across the anterior surface of the trachea, inferior to the thyroid cartilage. It produces thyroglobulin, thyoxine and triiodothyronine.
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b. Compared to the pituitary, is it easy or hard to diagnose an abnormal thyroid? Why?
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it is easy because its location can be felt by the fingers. It can become prominent when some thing is wrong with it.
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8 a. Describe the anatomy, location, and product of the parathyroid gland.
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Located in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland in the neck. It produces parathyroid hormone.
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b. Compared to the thyroid, is it easy or hard to diagnose an abnormal parathyroid? Why?
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it is more difficult to diagnose the parathyroid because it is deep to thyroid
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9 a. Describe the anatomy, location, and products of the adrenal gland.
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Attched to the superior border of the kidney. It produces adrenocortical steroids.
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b. Is it easy or hard to distinguish a problem between adrenal cortex and medulla? Why?
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It is easy with a blood tests that deterimine the hormones porduced by the medulla (Epinephine and norepinephine) vs the cortex (MC, GC, cortisol and androgens)
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10 a. Describe the anatomy, location, and products of the pancreas.
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the pancreas is located inferior to the stomach. It porduces insulin.
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b. Why would a problem with blood sugar affect the entire body?
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the body uses glucose as fuel. Without insult we would not be able to metalbilse surgar.
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.11 a. Why are kidneys, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and gonads part of the endocrine system?
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They contain their own endocrine cells which secrete their own hormone.
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endocrine glands secrete into
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blood stream
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exocrine glands secrete into
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the blood
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Endocrinology
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The study of the endocrine system
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Endocrine Glands
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ductless organs that secrete their molecules directly into the bloodstream
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Hormones
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Molecules that have a specific effect on a target organ
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Target Organs/Cells
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Organs that contain special recptor cells that respond to their specific hormone
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Positive Feedback Loop
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stimulus that accelerates the orginal process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or to speed up its activities. Eg. The process of milk release from the mammary glands
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Negative Feedback Loop
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a stimulus starts a process, and eventually either the hormone that is secreted or a product of its effects causes the process to slow down or turn off. Eg. Regulation of blood glucose levels.
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Peptide Hormones
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most adundant type of hormone in the body, formed from chains of amino acids. Eg. Growth hormone
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Biogenic Amines
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small molecules produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid. Eg. Thyroid hormone
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Steroid Hormones
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a type of lipid derived from cholesterol. Eg. Testosterone
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Hypothalamus
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the master control center of the endocrine system that oversees most endocrine activity.
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Regulatory Hormones
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secreted by the hypothalamus, they control the secretory activity of the anterior pituitary. (AP releases either RH or IH)
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Releasing Hormones (RH)
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stimulates production of one or more hormones at the antierior lobe of the pituitary. Secretes either regulatory hormones that are inhibiting or releasing hormones
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Corticotropin RH (CRH)
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Target - suprareanal cortex. Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion.
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Gonadotropin RH (GnRH)
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2 types - Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in females
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target - follicle cells in the ovaries. Effect - estrogen secretion, follicle development
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in males
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target - nurse celss in the testes. Effect - stimuation of sperm production
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Target - follicle cells in the ovaries. Effect - stimulates ovualtion, formation of the corpus lueum, progesterone secretion
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Growth Hormone RH (GHRH)
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Target - All cells. Effect - growth, protein sysnthesis, lipid mobilization and catabolism.
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Prolactin Releasing Factor (PRF)
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target - mamary glands in females. Effect - the production of milk
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Thyrotropin RH (TRH)
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TRH is produced by the hypothalamus. it stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone from cells called thyrotropes.
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Inhibiting Hormones (IH)
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prevents the synthesis and secretion of specific pituitary hormones in the anterior pituitary.
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1 a. Describe the relationship between hormones and target organs.
|
Hormones are specifically created to effect a target organ.
|
|
|
2 a. Identify the three chemical classes of hormones and give an example of each.
|
Steroids, peptides and biogenic amines (peptides and biogenic amines are = protiens)
|
|
|
3 a. List the different glands in the endocrine system and the hormone(s) made by each.
|
Hypothalaumus = ADH, Oxytocin, regulatory hormone. Pituitary gland + ACTH, TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, and MSH. Thyroid Gland = Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. Thymus = thymosins. SupranenalGlands = Epinephine, Norepinephine, Cortisol, Corticosterone, aldosterone, androgens. Pineal gland=melatonin. Parathyroid gland=parathyroid hormone. heart=atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide. Kidney=erythropoietin, calcitriol. Adipose tissue=leptin, resistin. Digestive tract=numerous hormones (see digestive chapter). Pancreatic islets=insulin, glucagon. Gonad= androgens, inhibin, estrogins, progesterone, inhibin.
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b. What is the advantage of having many different hormones versus only a few?
|
each hormone only effects this specific target hormone allowing for greater control over one organ/porcess to achieve homestasis.
|
|
|
4 a. Where and what is the hypothalamus? What hormones does it secrete?
|
The hypothalamus is found in the brain superior to the pituitary,
|
|
|
b. How will a problem with the hypothalamus affect other glands?
|
Since the hypothalamus is the control center for the other glands, the effect would be that the other glands would lose control and not be able to maintian homeostasis.
|
|
|
5 a. Describe the differences between the anterior and posterior pituitary relative to the specific anatomy, blood flow, and hormones produced?
|
The anterior pituitary is the anterior portion of the pituitary and secretes TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH, and MSH. The Posterior pituitary secrets ADH and oxcytocin.
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b. Explain which is directly connected to the hypothalamus.
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The posterior pituitary is directly connected to the hypothalamus.
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6 a. Describe the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.
|
a secondary capilary system where veinous blood picks up horomones to distribute to the rest of the organs in the body.
|
|
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b. Name one advantage of this system.
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it reduces the smount of blood vesseles required for the body to function.
|
|
|
7 a. Describe the anatomy, location, and products of the thyroid gland.
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The thyroid gland curves across the anterior surface of the trachea, inferior to the thyroid cartilage. It produces thyroglobulin, thyoxine and triiodothyronine.
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b. Compared to the pituitary, is it easy or hard to diagnose an abnormal thyroid? Why?
|
it is easy because its location can be felt by the fingers. It can become prominent when some thing is wrong with it.
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8 a. Describe the anatomy, location, and product of the parathyroid gland.
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Located in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland in the neck. It produces parathyroid hormone.
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b. Compared to the thyroid, is it easy or hard to diagnose an abnormal parathyroid? Why?
|
it is more difficult to diagnose the parathyroid because it is deep to thyroid
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|
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9 a. Describe the anatomy, location, and products of the adrenal gland.
|
Attched to the superior border of the kidney. It produces adrenocortical steroids.
|
|
|
b. Is it easy or hard to distinguish a problem between adrenal cortex and medulla? Why?
|
It is easy with a blood tests that deterimine the hormones porduced by the medulla (Epinephine and norepinephine) vs the cortex (MC, GC, cortisol and androgens)
|
|
|
10 a. Describe the anatomy, location, and products of the pancreas.
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the pancreas is located inferior to the stomach. It produces insulin.
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|
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b. Why would a problem with blood sugar affect the entire body?
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the body uses glucose as fuel. Without insult we would not be able to metabolize sugar.
|
|
|
.11 a. Why are kidneys, heart, gastrointestinal tract, and gonads part of the endocrine system?
|
They contain their own endocrine cells which secrete their own hormone.
|
|
|
endocrine glands secrete into
|
ducts
|
|
|
exocrine glands secrete into
|
the blood
|
|
|
Endocrinology
|
The study of the endocrine system
|
|
|
Endocrine Glands
|
ductless organs that secrete their molecules directly into the bloodstream
|
|
|
Hormones
|
Molecules that have a specific effect on a target organ
|
|
|
Target Organs/Cells
|
Organs that contain special recptor cells that respond to their specific hormone
|
|
|
Positive Feedback Loop
|
stimulus that accelerates the orginal process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or to speed up its activities. Eg. The process of milk release from the mammary glands
|
|
|
Negative Feedback Loop
|
a stimulus starts a process, and eventually either the hormone that is secreted or a product of its effects causes the process to slow down or turn off. Eg. Regulation of blood glucose levels.
|
|
|
Peptide Hormones
|
most adundant type of hormone in the body, formed from chains of amino acids. Eg. Growth hormone
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|
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Biogenic Amines
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small molecules produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid. Eg. Thyroid hormone
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|
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Steroid Hormones
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a type of lipid derived from cholesterol. Eg. Testosterone
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|
|
Hypothalamus
|
the master control center of the endocrine systemthat oversses most endocrine activity.
|
|
|
Regulatory Hormones
|
secreted by the hypothalamus, they control the secretory activity of the anterior pituitary. (AP releases either RH or IH)
|
|
|
Releasing Hormones (RH)
|
stimulates production of one or more hormones at the antierior lobe of the pituitary. Secretes either regulatory hormones that are inhibiting or releasing hormones
|
|
|
Corticotropin RH (CRH)
|
Target - suprareanal cortex. Stimulates glucocorticoid secretion.
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Gonadotropin RH (GnRH)
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2 types - Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) or Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in females
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target - follicle cells in the ovaries. Effect - estrogen secretion, follicle development
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in males
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target - nurse celss in the testes. Effect - stimuation of sperm production
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Target - follicle cells in the ovaries. Effect - stimulates ovualtion, formation of the corpus lueum, progesterone secretion
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Growth Hormone RH (GHRH)
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Target - All cells. Effect - growth, protein sysnthesis, lipid mobilization and catabolism.
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Prolactin Releasing Factor (PRF)
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target - mamary glands in females. Effect - the production of milk
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Thyrotropin RH (TRH)
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TRH is produced by the hypothalamus. it stimulates the release of thyroid stimulating hormone from cells called thyrotropes.
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Inhibiting Hormones (IH)
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prevents the synthesis and secretion of specific pituitary hormones in the anterior pituitary.
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Growth Hormone IH(GHIH)=Somatostatin
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target - anterior pituitary. Effect - inhibits the release of GH and TSH
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Prolactin IH (PIH)
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A substance of hypothalamic origin capable of inhibiting the synthesis and release of prolactin.
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Pituitary Gland
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aka hypophysis, small oval gland the size of a grape. Lies infereiorto the hypothalamus within the sella turcica. Releases nine important peptide hormones. (7 by the AP and 2 by the PP)
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Anterior Pituitary
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aka the adenohypophysis (ad-e-no-hi-pof-i-sis). It Secretes TSH, A CTH , FSH , LH , PRL , GH, MSH
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Neurohypophysis
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Also known as the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It secretes ADH and OT
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Pars Distalis
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The inferior main body of the anterior pituitary gland located inferior to the pars tuberalis.
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Pars Intermedia
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Slender structure located in between the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland
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Pars Tuberalis
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The superior portion of the anterior pituitary gland
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Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Portal System
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a secondary capilary system where veinous blood picks up horomones to distribute to the rest of the organs in the body.
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Superior Hypophyseal Artery
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SEE picture
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Primary Capillary Plexus
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SEE picture
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Hypophyseal Portal Veins
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SEE picture
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Secondary Capillary Plexus
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SEE picture
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Hypophyseal Veins
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SEE picture
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Tropic Hormones
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hormones produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary which target endocrine glands. TSH, PRL, ACTH, GH
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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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Targets the thyroid gland and triggers the release of thyroid hormones . Secreted by cells called thyrotropes
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Prolactin (PRL)
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Stimulates the development of mammary glands and the production of milk . Secreted lactotropes
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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Stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the suprarenal gland. Specifically target cells produce and hormones called glucocorticoids. Secrete it bites cells called corticotropes
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Growth Hormone (GH)
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Also called human growth hormones for somatotropin, Stimulate cell growth and replication by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis . Secrete it by cells called somatotropes
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Dwarfism
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is a medical disorder, the term being used to describe a person of short stature. It is sometimes defined as a person with an adult height under 4 feet 10 inches. Can be caused by failure of the pituitary to secrete GH
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Gigantism
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is a condition characterized by excessive growth and height significantly above average.[1
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Acromegaly
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Acromegaly is a chronic metabolic disorder in which there is too much growth hormone and the body tissues gradually enlarge.
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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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Promotes the development of oocyte within the ovaries of mature women. Also stimulates the secretion of estrogen's by follicles cells.
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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Induces Ovulation In women and promotes the ovarian secretion of progestins
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Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
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Stimulates melanocytes of the skin, increasing their rates of melanin production and distribution. Is the only hormone that Is secreted by the pars Intermedia
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Posterior Pituitary
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releases Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT)
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Pars Nervosa
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Also called the neural lobe or posterior lobe, this region constitutes the majority of the posterior pituitary, and is sometimes (incorrectly) considered synonymous with it. Notable features include Herring bodies and pituicytes
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Infundibulum
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Extends from the hypothalamus inferior to the to the posterior and superior surfaces of the pituitary gland
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Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Tract
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a tract of unmyelinated nerves connecting the hypothalamus and the hypophysis
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Neurosecretory Cells
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specialized nerve cells (neurons) that respond to stimulation by producing and secreting specific chemical messengers. Functionally, they serve as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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AKA vasopressin Target - Kidneys, Effect - released by the pituitary gland, has an antidiuretic action that prevents the production of dilute urine.
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Oxytocin (OT)
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Released by - Posterior Pituitary. Target - Uterus, ductus deferens, prostate gland. Effect - labor contractions, milk ejection, contraction of the ductus deferens and prostate gland, ejection of secretions
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Thyroid Gland
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Curves across the interior surface of the trachea just inferior to the thyroid cartilage .
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Right Lobe
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Extends over the lateral surface of the trachea towards the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage
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Left Lobe
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Extends over the lateral surface of the trachea towards the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage
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Isthmus
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Slender connection that connects the right and left lobes of the thyroid gland
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Thyroid Follicles
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Manufacturer, store, and secrete thyroid hormones . Are made up of mostly simple cubiodal epithelium
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Follicular Cells
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cells in the thyroid gland that produce and secrete thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
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Colloid
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The Viscous fluid containing large quantities of suspended proteins .
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Thyroid Hormone
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thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), are tyrosine-based hormones produced by the thyroid gland. They act to increase the basal metabolic rate, affect protein synthesis, help regulate long bone growth (synergy with growth hormone), neuronal maturation and increase the body's sensitivity to catecholamines (such as adrenaline)
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Hyperthyroidism
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overactive tissue within the thyroid gland, resulting in overproduction and thus an excess of circulating free thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), or both. it both overstimulates metabolism and exacerbates the effect of the sympathetic nervous system, causing "speeding up" of various body systems
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Grave’s Disease
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an autoimmune disease. It most commonly affects the thyroid, frequently causing it to enlarge to twice its size or more (goiter), become overactive
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Hypothyroidism
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disease state in humans and in animals caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland. Cretinism is a form of hypothyroidism found in infants
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Goiter
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enlargement of the thyroid gland
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Parafollicular Cells
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are cells in the thyroid that produce and secrete calcitonin.
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Calcitonin
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acts to reduce blood calcium (Ca2+), opposing the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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Parathyroid Glands (4)
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endocrine gland that is located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), Target- bones kidney. Effect - increased calcium ion concentrationsin body fluids and increases bone mass.
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Chief/Principle Cells
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glanduar cell in the parathyroid that produce PTH.
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Parathyroid Hormone
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Target- bones kidney. Effect - increased calcium ion concentration body fluids and increases bone mass.
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Hyperparathyroidism
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overactivity of the parathyroid glands resulting in excess production of parathyroid hormone (PTH). leads to hypercalcemia
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Hypoparathyroidism
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is decreased function of the parathyroid glands, leading to decreased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH). The consequence, hypocalcaemia
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Oxyphil Cells
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is larger and paler than the parathyroid chief cell. These cells can be found in clusters in the center of the section and at the periphery.[2][3][4][5] Oxyphil cells appear at the onset of puberty, but have no known function
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Adrenal Glands(2)
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AKA suprarenal gland. Is firmly attached to the superior border of the kidney by a dense fibrous capsule. responsible for regulating the stress response through the synthesis of corticosteroids and catecholamines
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Adrenal Cortex
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outer lobe of the suprarenal gland that produces steriod hormones called corticosteroids. Has 3 distinct regions. (1) zona glomerulosa (2) zona fasciculata (3) zona reticularis.
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Corticosteroids
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a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex. Corticosteroids are involved in a wide range of physiologic systems such as stress response, immune response and regulation of inflammation, carbohydrate metabolism, protein catabolism, blood electrolyte levels, and behavior.
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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia =
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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia refers to a group of inherited disorders of the adrenal gland. Leads to early puberty (2-3 years of age) but underdevelopment of sex organs.
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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
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a set of disorders of sex development caused by mutations of the gene encoding the androgen receptor. Results in androgenous appearance in males.
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Zona Glomerulosa
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outer most region of the surprarenal cortex. Produces mineralocorticoids and aldosterone. 15% of the cortex
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Mineralocorticoids
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hormone that affects the electrolyte composition of body fluids.
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Aldosterone
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principal mineralocorticoid that targets the kidney cells that regulate the ionic composition of urine.
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Zona Fasiculata
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middle layer of the suprarenal cortex. 78% of the cortex
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Glucocorticoids
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produced by the zona fasiculata. Target - most cells. Effect - releases amino acids for skeletal muscles. Lipids from adipose tissue. Formation of liver glycogen and glucose. Anti-inflammatory effect.
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Cortisol
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a glucocortid, produced by the zona fasuculata region of the adrenal cortex. The stress Hormone. involved in response to stress and anxiety, controlled by CRH. It increases blood pressure and blood sugar, and reduces immune responses.
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Corticosterone
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a glucocortid, produced by the zona fasuculata region of the adrenal cortex. regulate the conversion of amino acids into carbohydrates and glycogen by the liver, and helps stimulate glycogen formation in the tissues.
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Cushing Syndrome
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hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure of the body's tissues to high levels of the hormone cortisol. Results in upper body obesity, rounded face, increased fat around the neck, and thinning arms and legs.
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Addison Disease
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rare endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and often mineralocorticoids)
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Zona Reticularis
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narrow band between the medulla and the zona fasiculata. Secrete androgens.
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Gonadocorticoids
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they are a group of hormones secreted by adrenal cortex, an example is androgens which causes male features. if a woman produces too much androgen she can have excessive facial hair, which can be treated with birth control pills
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Adrenal Medulla
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"Forms the inner core of each adrenal gland. Primarily consists of clusters of large, spherical cells called chromaffin cells. Secretes Epinephrine and norepinephirine
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Androgens
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Male sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics
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Chromaffin Cells
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large spherical cells that make up the adrenal cortex
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Epinephrine
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hormone and neurotransmitter[1] that participates in the "fight or flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Norepinephrine
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a stress hormone, norepinephrine affects parts of the brain where attention and responding actions are controlled. Along with epinephrine, norepinephrine also underlies the fight-or-flight response, directly increasing heart rate, triggering the release of glucose from energy stores, and increasing blood flow to skeletal muscle.
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Pancreas
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Elongated, spongy, nodular organ situated between the duodenum of the small intestine and the spleen and posterior to the stomach.
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Pancreatic Acini
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produce an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids digestion. Makes up most of the pancreas
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Pancreatic Islets
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small clusters of endocrine cells composed of 4 types of cells Alpha cells (makes glucagon), Beta cells (secretes insulin), Delta Cells (secretes somatostatin), F- cells (pancreatic polypeptide)
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Alpha Cells
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Major type of pancreatic islet cell that makes glucagon.
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Glucagon
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raises blood glucose levels
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Beta Cells
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Major type of pancreatic islet cell that secretes insulin
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Insulin
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lowers blood glucose levels
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Diabetes Mellitus
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a condition in which the body either does not produce enough, or does not properly respond to, insulin
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Delta Cells
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minor type of pancreatic islet cell that secretes somatostatin.
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Somatostatin = GHIH
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inhibits the production and secretion of insulin and glucagon.
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F Cells
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minor type of pancreatic islet cell that secretes pancreatic polypeptide.
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Pancreatic Polypeptide (PP)
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inhibits gallbaldder contractions and regulates the production of some pancreatic enzymes.
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Pineal Gland
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contains secretory cells called pinealocytes, which synthesize melatonin.
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Melatonin
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slows the maturation of sperm and egg in the reporductive organs by inhibiting the prodcution of FSH and LS - releasing factors from the hypothalamus.
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Thymus
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A bilobed structure located within the mediastinum superior to the heart and immediately posterior to the sternum. Produces complementary hormones thymopoietin and thymosins. the thymus diminishes in size and activity with age, especially after puberty
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Thymopoietin
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hormone produced in the thyums which induces the proliferation of lymphocyte precursors and their differentiation into T lymphocytes.
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Thymosins
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hormone produced in the thyums that promote the maturation of lymphocytes within the gland
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Kidneys
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Primary function is the production of urine, but also important in the production of hormones including vitamin D, renin and erythropoietin.
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Calcitriol = Vitamin D
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a steroid hormone that has long been known for its important role in regulating body levels of calcium and phosphorus, and in mineralization of bone.
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Erythropoietin (EPO)
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A hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
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Renin
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a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid) balance.
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Heart
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secretes Atrial natriuretic peptides and brain natriuretic peptide.
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Atriopeptin = Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
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a hormone stored in the heart that is released into the blood to increase the rate of urine production when the blood volume becomes too great
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Gastrointestinal Tract
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produces numerous hormones.
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Gonads
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testes in males and ovaries in females. Produces and secretes Androgens and Inhbin (males) and estrogen and progesterones (females.
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Inhibin
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A peptide hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the ovary and the Sertoli cells of the testis that inhibits secretion of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary.
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Testes
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male gonad
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Androgens
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any of a group of hormones that primarily influence the growth and development of the male reproductive system.
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Testosterone
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testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the ovaries of females,
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Ovaries
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female gonad
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Estrogen
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are present in both men and women, they are usually present at significantly higher levels in women of reproductive age. They promote the development of female secondary sexual characteristics, such as breasts, and are also involved in the thickening of the endometrium and other aspects of regulating the menstrual cycle. In males, estrogen regulates certain functions of the reproductive system important to the maturation of sperm
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Progesterone
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facilitates the movement of a fertilized egg through the uterine tube.
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