Anat & Phys Test 3

Front 1

What is a Larynx

Where is it suspended from

what does it connect to

Back 1

a cartilaginous & muscular structure

suspended from root of tongue by connection w. hyoid bone which is suspended from the styloid process (at the base of the skull)

connected to superior end of trachea

Front 2

where is the larynx located (what levels)

Back 2

C3 - C6 (3rd to 6th) Adults

Front 3

Where does the larynx open

Back 3

below into the trachea and above into the pharynx

Front 4

what is the larynx responsible for?

Back 4

phonation (gen of voice)

Front 5

how is voicing produced?

Back 5

by vibration of the vocal folds in response to airflow

Front 6

Speech

Back 6

production of voice for voiced speech sounds

Front 7

what is phonation dependent on?

Back 7

the vocal folds

VF move together to close the GLOTTIS (space between the vf)

airflow form lungs causes VF to vibrate open and closed

Front 8

what are voiceless sounds produced with?

Back 8

an open glottis

Front 9

other function of the larynx

Back 9

protection of lower air ways and thoracic fixation (heavy objects/birth)

Front 10

types of cartilages

Back 10

thyroid
cricoid
artytenoid

elastic-
epiglottis

Front 11

which type of cartilage is the largest?

Back 11

thyroid

Front 12

Thyroid Cartilage

Back 12

largest
2 quadrilateral cart. plates (laminae) join anteriorly

forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx

form thyroid angle

Front 13

thyroid prominance (adams apple)
where is is located
who can you see it on

Back 13

Most forward projection of the thyroid c

below thy. notch

males

Front 14

Superior horns/cornua attatch to what by what

Back 14

attach to the hoid bone by ligaments

Front 15

inferior horns/cornua articulate with what

Back 15

articulate with cricoid cart.

Front 16

Cricoid cartilage

Back 16

ring-shaped cart. attached to the top of the trachea by the cricotracheal ligament

articulates with thyroid cart.

by means of that cart's inferior cornua

Front 17

posterior lamina

Back 17

posterior quadrilateral plate

forms posterior wall of larynx

Front 18

arch

Back 18

narrows as it extends forward form the lamina

Front 19

facets on the Superior surface of the posterior lamina are for what

Back 19

articulation with arytenoid cart.

Front 20

facets on the Lateral surfaces of the posterior arch are for waht

Back 20

articulation with the thyroid cartilage (Cricothyorid joints)

Front 21

Arytenoid cartilages

shape
base
apex

Back 21

shaped like 3 sided pyramids

base of each articulates with upper border of the cricoid lamina

apex extends upward a corniculate cart. sits on top of the apex

Front 22

processes AC from base Vocal

Back 22

anterior projection

vocal ligament attaches here

Front 23

processes AC from base Muscular

Back 23

lateral projections

muscles that open and close glottis attach here

Front 24

AC surfaces

Back 24

medial
posterior
anterolateral

Front 25

Epiglottis

cart

stem
extension

Back 25

leaf like elastic cart

stem [petiolus] attaches to center of posterior rim of thyroid cart. angle below the thy. notch

extends up above the hyoid bone

Front 26

function of the epiglottis

Back 26

assist closure of the larynx during swallowing - NO SPEECH function

Front 27

Epiglottis connections

Back 27

tongue

median glossoepiglottic fold

from lingual surface of the EG to the root of the tongue

VALLECUALE and DEPRESSIONS on either side of said fold located between the upper lingual surface of the epiglottis and the base of the tongue root

arythenoid cart.

Front 28

Vocal folds

Back 28

attached anteriorly to the thyroid angle

anterior commissure
NOT movable

attached posteriorly to the arytenoid cartilages; movable

anterior att. is fixed in place, post attachment in movable

Front 29

VF Arytenoid cartilages

Back 29

movable

Front 30

VF anterior att. posterior att.

Back 30

movable

Front 31

Glottis

Back 31

voice results as the vocal folds vibrate open and closed in response to airflow


(NOT TO RHYTHMIC MUSCULAR CONTRACTION)

Front 32

Glottis 2 parts

Back 32

Membranous/muscular glot

cart. glot

Front 33

Glottis membranous/muscular glottis

Back 33

2/3 of length 60%ad

between muscular tissue of vocal folds

Front 34

Glottis cartilaginous Glottis

Back 34

1/3 of length 40%ad

between arytenoid cart.

Front 35

CricoArytenoid Joints (CAJ)

base

movements

Back 35

base of arytenoid c. articulates with facet on upper surface of cricoid lamina


movements allow VF to be moved together or apart

Front 36

ADDuct

Back 36

move together for phonation and airway protections

Front 37

ABDuct

Back 37

move apart for breathing, voiceless sounds..ect

Front 38

2 motions allowed by joints

Back 38

Roocking (adducts) (anteromedially)

Gliding/sliding (together or apart)

Front 39

CricoThyroid joints (CTJ)

Back 39

inferior cornua of thyroid cart. articulate with lateral cricoid arch at facets

Front 40

CTTJ allows what

Back 40

rotational movement__ cricoid arch can be pulled up toward anterior thy. cart

Front 41

CTJ result

Back 41

to rockk cricoid lamina and artytenoid cart. AWAY from thyroid angle


this lengthens VF to raise pitch


opposite allwos vocal folds to be shortened

Front 42

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

Back 42

attch. of these ms are within larynx

Front 43

Functions of Intristic Laryngeal Muscles

Back 43

to adduct or abduct vocal folds

shorten or lengthen the focal folds

Front 44

Thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles

Back 44

shorten & relax vocal folds or tense vocal folds though isomeric contraction

may form the bulk of the vocal folds

2 parts

Front 45

TA thyrovocalis (vocalis)

Back 45

adjacent to the vocal ligament

attaches to the posterior surface of the thyroid angle, below the notch

inserts on the vocal process of arytenoid c

Front 46

TA Thyromuscularis

Back 46

lateral portion of TA

attaches to posterior surface of the thyroid angle adjacent to vocalis

inserts on the anterolateral surface of arytenoid

Front 47

Arytenoid/ interaytenoid muscles

Back 47

adduct vocal folds

Front 48

transverse arytenoid

Back 48

transverse arytenoid ms. extends form posterior surface of one arytenoid cartilage to the posterior surface of the other

Front 49

oblique arytenoids

Back 49

ms. extend form the muscular process of 1 arytenoid c. to the apex of the other; the 2 muscles criss cross

Front 50

Function of the transverse and oblique

Back 50

to adduct the vocal folds by gliding them together or tipping them together esp. at the apex

Front 51

Lateral cricoarytenoid

Back 51

adduct vocal folds

og. on upper surface of the cricoid arches and extend back to insert onto the muscular processes of the arytenoids

rocks the arytenoids medially/ tworad mid line

Front 52

posterior cricoarytenoid muscles

Back 52

abduct vocal folds

fan shaped

og on the posterior surface of the crioid lamina and insert onto the muscular processs of each arytenoid c.

fun. abduct by rocker laterally

Front 53

cricothyroid muscles

Back 53

lengthen and tense vocal folds

consists of pars recta and pars oblique

attach to the cricoid arch & pars recta/ lowerborder

and pars oblique/ inferior cornua of the thyroid cartilage

Front 54

function of the cricothyroid ms.

Back 54

to bring anterior parts of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages closer together

effect is to increase the distance between the anterior and posterior attachments of the vocal folds

Front 55

result on the VF - criothyroid

Back 55

increase their length and their stiffness or tension

Front 56

innervation
vagus nerve Xth cranial nerve

Back 56

innervates intristic laryngeal mus.

superior LN - in criothyroid ms.
recurrent LN in all other ilm


(dysarthia)

Front 57

folds, elastic membranous lining, & cavities
FOLDS

Back 57

aryepiglottic
ventricular
vocal

Front 58

Aryepiglottic folds

Back 58

extends forward form teh two artytenoid cartilages to the sides of epiglottis, near its top

help to delineate the laryngeal adits

inhaled air passes through nasal cavites and pharynx to pass thorugh the larngeal aditus into the larynx down though the trachea...

Front 59

what helps to delineate the laryneal aditus?

Back 59

aryepiglottic folds

Front 60

ventricular folds (false vf)

Back 60

non-muscular folds found above and parallel to the vocal folds
these do not participate in phonation (typically)

Front 61

Vocal folds (true)

Back 61

folds compased of mus. tissues
superior surface should be white in color

Front 62

Elastic lining consists of two things... what are they?

Back 62

quadrangular membrane

conus elasticus

Front 63

structure of VF

Back 63

muscle tissue (thryoarytenoid)

mucous membrane

Front 64

mucous membrane structure consists of

Back 64

epithelium - thin outer mucosal layer defines shape

lamina propria- three layers of dif. tissues types between epithelium and thyroarytenid ms.

Front 65

superficial layer (Reinke's Space)
lamina propria

Back 65

thin, loose, and pliant tissue; soft- jello

edema swelling tends to occur here

Front 66

intermediate layer
lamina propria

Back 66

elastic fibers greater mass

Front 67

deep layer
lamina propria

Back 67

collagenous fibers

Front 68

VF body cover model
body

Back 68

muscle tissue and a deep layer of lamina propria
body provides stiffness/stable and mass
allows for vocal fold vib


STIFF YES VIB

Front 69

VF body cover model
cover

Back 69

intermediate and superficial layers of lamina propria and epithelium

less stiff

allows for mucosal wave

flap -snail

Front 70

phonation

Back 70

a technical term to describe the physical and physiological processes of vocal fold vibration

Front 71

voice

Back 71

the sound produced by vocal fold vibration

Front 72

vocalization

Back 72

the sound produced by vocal fold vibration but most applicable to non-speech or pre speech soundings

Front 73

how phonation does NOT work

Back 73

neurochronaxic theory

Front 74

Erroneous theory

Back 74

that proposed that phonation results from the
active, rhythmic contractions of the thyroarytenoid muscles,
producing a rhythmic opening and closing of the glottis.

Front 75

No supportive evidence.
theory

Back 75

b/c of course of muscle tissue, no evidence that the
thyroarytenoid ms. can abduct the vocal folds, and it only
can have a small, contributory effect on adduction.
b. Vocal folds do not vibrate without an airstream.
c. Length of Rt. and Lt. recurrent laryngeal nerves vary; should
lead to asynchronous vibration.

Front 76

how phonation does work:

Back 76

Myoelastic-Aerodynamic theory

Front 77

myoelastic-Aerodynamic theory

Back 77

Vocal fold vibration results from the interaction b/w the elastic
forces of the vocal folds and the exhaled airstream.
2. The manner in which the folds vibrate, as well as the frequency
of vibration, depends upon such factors as the properties of the
muscle tissue and the force of the air stream

Front 78

2 basic internal laryngeal adjustiments can be modified

Back 78

Medial compression
longitundinal tension

Front 79

Medial compression

Back 79

Medial compression—"the force with which the vocal folds
are brought together at the midline."
· Can be increased by contraction of adductor muscles,
primarily the lateral cricoarytenoid ms. & the
interarytenoid ms

Front 80

longitudinal tension

Back 80

the extent of the
stretching force."
· Can be increased by contraction of the cricothyroid
ms., which lengthen the vocal folds, and the
thyroarytenoid ms., which increase internal stiffness of
the vocal folds

Front 81

basics of phonation

Back 81

some lary. ms adduct to midline they maintain adductor force throughout phonation

the interplay bt. the exhaled air and pressures w the elastic forces of the VF maintain vib of VF

a pulse of air forces through the glottis into the supra vocal tract with each vib

Front 82

Onset of Phonation - how do you initiate phonation when you speak?

Back 82

2 parts/phases

prephonatory
vocal attack

Front 83

prephonatory phase

Back 83

: "the period during which the vocal folds
move from an abducted to . . . an adducted . . . position"

Adductor muscles are responsible for adduction (i.e., the
process of bringing the vocal folds together).
lateral cricoarytenoid ms.
. interarytenoid ms. (oblique & transverse)

Front 84

vocal attack phase

Back 84

Stiffness and mass of the vocal folds produce a resistance to
vibration.
i. There must be sufficient tracheal air pressure to
initiate vibration.
ii. [This is referred to as phonation threshold pressure

Front 85

3 cats of vocal attack

Back 85

simultaneous/normal vocal attack
breathy
glottal

Front 86

Simultaneous/normal vocal attack

Back 86

Airstream is released just as the vocal folds near
the midline.
• Several vibrations occur before contact is made
between the vocal folds.
• Produces smooth onset and is preferred

Front 87

breathy vocal attack

Back 87

Airstream is released before vocal folds near the
midline.
• Folds may eventually make contact, though not
necessarily.
• Involves air wastage and is not preferred except
to eliminate the next form of attack

Front 88

Glottal attack

Back 88

Vocal folds are completely adducted, often with
strong medial compression, before the airstream is
released.
• Results in an explosive onset of vibration; SGP
must overcome strong resistance.
• Abusive to vocal folds if used excessively

Front 89

ongoing phonation

Back 89

what comes after the initial onset of phonation


Adductor muscles continue to maintain their contraction to
hold vocal folds at midline.
Phonation involves vibration of the vocal folds, with the airstream forcefully pushing the vocal folds apart to release a pulse of air, followed by the vocal coming back together due to vocal fold elasticity & the Bernoulli effect (see below). This process continues until the speaker stops the airflow or abducts the vocal folds.

Front 90

aerodynamic-myoelastic theory in ongoing phonation

Back 90

Phonation results from interaction of exhaled airstream and
the resistance to it by myoelastic forces.
b. Phonation essentially is a passive process, at least in the
sense that muscles are not rhythmically adducting and abducting the vocal folds. However, the adductor muscles continue to maintain contraction throughout phonation

Front 91

Phases and forces in a glottal cycle

Back 91

closed phase
opening phase
closing phase

Front 92

close phase

Back 92

glottis is CLOSED ; vocal folds in contact

airflow form lungs leads to BUILDUP of tracheal pressure

glottal resistance remains STRONGER than tracheal pressure

Front 93

opening phase

Back 93

vocal folds are MOVING away bc of tracheal pressure has overcome glottal resistance , BLOWING apart vf

lateral movement - Midpoint of vf show fathers lateral movement

airflow though the OPEN glottis

Front 94

closing phase

Back 94

vf are moving rapidly TOWARD ea. other bc of MYOELASTIC force and AERODYNAMIC force

closure of the glottis leads to an end to the airflow thorugh the glottis with a sudden drop in a supra-glottal pressure

Front 95

2 forces in closing phase

Back 95

. Myoelastic force: Elasticity of the vocal folds
• Vocal folds are elastic and will move back to their
rest position.
• e.g., rubber band
ii. Aerodynamic force: Bernoulli effect
• A fluid/aerodynamic law, which states, as the
velocity of airflow [or fluid] increases, there is a
corresponding decrease in pressure.
• Velocity of airflow increases as the exhaled
airstream passes through the glottis.
• "The result is a negative pressure b/w the medial
edges of the vocal folds, and they will literally be
sucked toward one another" (Zemlin, p. 146).
• In other words, increased airflow at the glottis
creates a negative pressure, which pulls the vocal
folds together

Front 96

ongoing phonation produces .....
having an impact on what?

Back 96

Ongoing phonation produces rapid pulses of air, which have
an impact on the air in the supra-glottal space, leading to the
sound we hear as the voice.

Front 97

when does interruption/cessation of voicing occur?

Back 97

When does this occur?
a. At end of utterance b. During the production of voiceless consonants.

Front 98

how does interruption/cessation of voicing occur ?

Back 98

VF are Abducted by posterior cricoarytenoid

Front 99

modes of VF vib during ongoing phonation - Vertical phase difference is present

Back 99

a. Each vocal fold acts as though it consists of at least two
separate, but connected, masses.
b. The subglottal airstream pushes open the lower portion of
vocal folds first, followed by the upper edges.
c. Closure occurs in a similar way; lower edges of the vocal
folds come together first, followed by the upper edges.

Front 100

what is the fundamental Frequency F0 rate of VF vib/

ad. male
ad. fe
child

Back 100

Adult male: 120 Hz
Adult female: 220 Hz
Child (6 yrs.): 300 Hz

Front 101

What determines the differences in average fundamental across
speakers?

Back 101

mass of the vocal folds

Front 102

Mass is related to what

Back 102

the length of the VF

Mass is related to the resting length of the vocal folds.
a. 1 y/o child: Vocal folds are small [avg. 5 mm (1/5 in) in
length]; produces high F0.



b.
Adult female: Vocal folds are longer (greater mass)—9-13
mm; produces lower F0.



c.
Adult male: Vocal folds are even longer (more massive)—
15-20 mm; produces lowest F0

Front 103

What causes changes in fundamental frequency within speakers

Back 103

Length of the VF
Mass per unit area
Increased mass = decreased freq
decreased mass = incr.

Front 104

longitudinal tension or stiffness of the VF

what does increased stiffness cause
what does dec?

Back 104

+ stiffness = + freq

- siff = - freq

Front 105

how does a speaker raise the F0?

Back 105

?

Front 106

a vocal register is?

Back 106

A vocal register is a discrete range within the overall pitch range, and it is characterized by a certain pattern, or mode, of vocal fold vibration

3 types

Front 107

modal register

Back 107

Register used for conversational speech; mid-frequency
range.
Description of phonation, to date, has focused on the process used in the modal register.
i. Vocal folds have a certain thickness, or vertical
depth.
ii. There is a vertical phase difference seen during
phonation.


Habitual pitch—a common term used to describe the average pit

Front 108

pulse reg (glottal fry)

Back 108

a. Present at the very lowest end of frequency range.

b. Vocal folds are thick and flaccid, though there is strong
medial compression.

c. Vocal fold vibration
i. more irregular than in modal register;
ii. secondary beat may be present;
iii. vocal folds spend more time approximated than in
modal register

robot vc

Front 109

loft reg (falsetto)

Back 109

a. Present at the highest end of frequency range.

b. Vocal folds are longer and thinner than in modal register.

c. Vocal fold vibration
i. Only the thin margins make contact during phonation.
ii. Strong medial compression limits the vibration
posteriorly; reduces effective length of vibration.

Front 110

intensity

Back 110

phys. measure of sounds amp.
SPL dBSPL
loudness is the psychological correlate of intensity

Front 111

how to increase tracheal (subglottal) pressure

Back 111

a. Increase airflow + increase glottal resistance to increase
tracheal pressure
b. Compressed air collides with air molecules above glottis
when opened.



c.
If glottal resistance isn’t increased, then a relatively weak
burst of air, not a louder glottal tone, would result

Front 112

Increased glottal resistance largely results from

Back 112

increased medial
compression (lateral cricoarytenoids and interarytenoids)

Front 113

Changes in the relative durations of the phases in a glottal cycle when

Back 113

intensity Increases

Front 114

Closed phase increases in duration;

Back 114

; greater glottal resistance
and greater buildup of tracheal pressure.

Front 115

Vocal folds close with greater force.

Back 115

The opening phase, and especially the closing phase, are shorter