Anat & Phys Test 2

Front 1

3 Framework for respiration

Back 1

1. vertebral column: the vertebrae

2. Rib Cage: ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae

3. Shoulder / Pectoral Girdle: clavicle, scapula [humerus]

Front 2

How many vertebrae are in the Vertebral Column?

Back 2

33 vertebrae

Front 3

What are the 5 levels of the Vertebral column?

Back 3

1. Cervial vertebrae (c1-C7) vertebrae of the neck

2.Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) vertebrae of the chest

3. lumbar vertebrae (l1-L5) vertebraeof the lower back

4. Sacrum- about 4 vertebrae fused together; help from the pelive girdle

5. coccyx - lowest 3-4 vertebrae

Front 4

Spinous process

Back 4

vertebrae structure

- extends posteriorly

Front 5

Transverse processes

Back 5

vertebrae struture

extend laterally

Front 6

vertebral foramen-

Back 6

vertebrae structure space though which spinal cord passes

Front 7

intervertebral formina

Back 7

vertebrae struture

lateral spaces though which spinal nerves pass out from the spinal cord

Front 8

Ribcage consists of the

Back 8

12 pairs of ribs and sterunum

Front 9

sternum

Back 9

breast bone

Front 10

posterior articulation

Back 10

all articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae & with the transverse processes of the vertebrae

Front 11

anterior articulation

Back 11

Upper 10 pairs T & F ribs articulate with sternum by means of costal cartilage

lower 2 pairs "floating ribs" have no anterior articulation

Front 12

Rib Motion

Back 12

allows expansion and contraction of the thorax along the transverse dimension

Front 13

What is --- shaft of the rib moves upward and outward. this movement of all ribs causes the thorax to expand form side- to side

Back 13

Lateral expansion

Front 14

what is -- upward and forward movement of the sternum carries the ribs along, causing the thorax to expand form front-to-back

Back 14

anteroposterior expansion

Front 15

Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle

Back 15

serve as points of attachment for some muscles of respiration


clavicle/collarbone

scapula shoulder blade

humerus

Front 16

clavicle/ collarbone (2)

Back 16

attach medially to sternum & laterally to acromion process of the scapula

Front 17

scapula/ shoulder blade (2)

Back 17

each one articulates with a clavicle and a humerus bone

Front 18

Pelvic girdle

Back 18

comp. serves as place of attachment for some muscles of respiration

-pelivic/hip bones
- sacrum & coccyx

Front 19

pulmonary apparatus

Back 19

pulmonary airways and the lungs

Upper respiratory tract - above trachea

a. nasal & oral cavities
b.pharynx
c.larynx

Front 20

where is the lower respiratory tract located?

Back 20

the airway below the larynx

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveolar air sacs

Front 21

LRT trachea "windpipe"

Back 21

cartilaginous (c rings) and membranous tube that extends downward from the larynx

C-shape allows for expansion of the larynx during greater respiratory exertion

esophagus is located posterior to the trachea

brakes into right and left - main primary bronchi

Front 22

LRT Bronchi

Back 22

Main-stem bronchi (2)
a. subdivisions of the trachea
b. one enters each lung

these continue to subdivide; several levels of bronchi exists, ending in terminal bronchi

bronchi terminate in to bronchioles

Front 23

LRT bronchioles

Back 23

several levels of bronchioles also exist, and the bronchioles also repeatedly subdivide

terminate in alveolar ducts and air sacs

Front 24

Alveolar air sacs/ alveoli

Back 24

Tiny air sacs at end of respiratory tract

very thin walls for gaseous exchange

there are about 300 mil of these alveoli

Front 25

Gas exchange cannot take place

Back 25

1st several levels (branches of the bronchi and 1st branches of bronchioles) contain dead space

Front 26

where does gaseous exchange take place ?

Back 26

in the lower levels of bronchioles and most efficently in the alveoli

Front 27

Lungs

Back 27

2 cone shaped structures (2-3 lobes)

Front 28

where are the lungs located

Back 28

within the thoracic cavity

base rests on diaphragm

apex extends upward into root of neck

Front 29

Mediastinum

Back 29

space between lungs

contains: heart, blood vessels, nerves, bronchi, trachea

Front 30

what is important for pleural linkage

Back 30

thin Serous Membranes

Front 31

what surrounds/encloses each lung?

Back 31

a double-layered pleural membrane

Front 32

visceral pleura

Back 32

the layer that adheres tightly to a lung's outer surface
s

Front 33

parietal/costal pleural

Back 33

forms a bag like enclosure around each lung

ea. 1 lines the inner wall of one side of the rib cage and extends onto the upper surface of the diaphragm

separates the lung from the mediastinum

Front 34

what does the pleural membrane secrete?

Back 34

serous fluid

Front 35

serous fluid

Back 35

lubrication between the visceral and parietal pleurae

creation of negative intrapleural pressure between the membranes

Front 36

pleural linkage

Back 36

linkage of the lungs with the chest wall and diaphragm by means of the negative intrapleural pressure between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes

Front 37

what causes the lungs and thee thoracic wall and diaphragm to together as a single functional unit

Back 37

pleural linkage

Front 38

T/F lungs are passivet

Back 38

T

Front 39

T/F lungs are muscualr

Back 39

F

Front 40

inspiration depend on what?

Back 40

inspiration depends upon expansion of the thoracic cavity which expands the lungs' volume (pleural linkage)

Front 41

transverse

Back 41

lateral and anteroposterior expansion of the chest wall

Front 42

vertical

Back 42

contraction of the diaphragm pulls the lungs downward

Front 43

why does the thorax expands and also the lungs ?

Back 43

pleural linkage

Front 44

why does air enter the lungs

Back 44

Boyle's law

Front 45

boyle's Law

Back 45

states that volume and pressure are are inversely related

air flows from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure

therefor, as lung volume increases bc of increasing thoracic expansion, lung presssure decreases; air flows into the lungs until lung pressure equals room's pressure

air is not pushed or forced into the lungs it is drawn in like a syringe

Front 46

2 categories of muscles of inspiration

Back 46

1 Primary - accounts for majority of the thoracic expansion
muscle- diaphragm

2. accessory muscles of insip.

stabilization of thorax for insp

can assist in thoracic expansion

more active during forced inhalation

Front 47

Diaphragm

Back 47

major inspiratory muscle

muscular and tendinous structure, shaped like a dome, that separates the torso into thoracic and abdominal cavities

Front 48

Diaphragm attachments

Back 48

originates on lower sternum, lower several ribs, and upper lumbar vertebrae

fibers insert into the central tendon

Front 49

Diaphragm function

Back 49

Contraction causes the diaphragm to be pulled downward

increases the vertical dimension of the thorax

also produces an outward movement of lower ribs which expand the lower thorax

result is to increase the volume of the lungs

Front 50

Pherenic Nerves

Back 50

originate form cervial plexus - they og form several spinal nerves in the cervical region [C3-C5]

Front 51

for passage of esophagus

Back 51

esophageal hiatus

Front 52

for passage of vena cava

Back 52

foramen vena vava

Front 53

secondary muscles of inspiration

Back 53

theyy have the potential to expand the thorax and or stabilize torso & chest wall

Front 54

how many pairs of external intercostal muscles

Back 54

11 pairs

Front 55

what attaches to lower border of one rib and upper border of the rib directly below

Back 55

external intercostal muscles

Front 56

Function of External Intercostal muscles

Back 56

contraction of these muscles can elevate the ribs to expand the thorax in transverse dimension

stiffen the intercostal tissue to prevent it form being sucked inward during inspiration

Front 57

interchondrall portion of internal intercostals assiists in

Back 57

breathing

Front 58

Muscles of the neck

Back 58

sternocleidomastorid

Scalenus muscles

Front 59

Sternocleidomastorid attachments

Back 59

originate at the mastoid process (temporal bones)

insert on the clavicles (medial end) and the sternum (upper end)

Front 60

Sternocleidomastoid functions

Back 60

stabilize upper chest as external intercostals expand rib cage

can also elevate upper chest during inhalation

Front 61

Scalenus muscles 3 parts

Back 61

anterior, medius, & posterior

Front 62

Scalenus muscles

Back 62

the three pairs og. from the transverse processes or several cervical vertebrae

extend down to insert onto the upper ribs

similar to the Sternocleidomastoid

Front 63

3 Muscles of the anterior torso

Back 63

pectoaralis major

pectoralis minor

sserratus anterior

Front 64

pectoralis major attachments

Back 64

og. on the upper humerus

fan out to insert onto the clavicle, sternum, and upper ribs

can assist to raise the sternum and upper ribs

Front 65

pectoralis minor

Back 65

located deep to the pactoralis major

og. at scapulae near their articulation with the humerus

fan out and inserts into ribs 3-5

may help in raising the upper ribs; stabilization

Front 66

Serratus anterior

Back 66

located at the lateral chest

og. at the lateral border of the scapula

fibers extend around lateral chest and insert into several of the upper ribs 8 or 9

potential for raising the ribs during inhalation

Front 67

Muscles of the posterior thorax

Back 67

costal elevators

serratus posterior superior

Front 68

costal elevators (levatores costarum)

Back 68

og. at the transverse processes of C7-T11
extend downward to insert onto a rib one or two ribs below

likely provide some assistance in raising the ribs for inhalation

Front 69

Serratus posterior superior

Back 69

og. on the spides of C7 and several upper thorracic vertebrae

angle down and out to insert onto ribs

fuction to stabilize upper ribs and elevate them

Front 70

inspiration

Back 70

always an ACTIVE process

Front 71

expiration/exhalation

Back 71

quiet breathing

passive

elastic recoil

gravity

Front 72

speech breathing

Back 72

exhalation involves an interaction of passive forces with active muscular contraction

Front 73

passive forces + active muscular contraction =

Back 73

exhalation

Front 74

what do inspiratory muscles provide ?

Back 74

a checking action/brake on passive relation forces to control lung pressure and duration of exhalation for speech

Front 75

what do expiratory mucels do?

Back 75

pull ribs downward

compress abdominal contents to forces them up against diaphragm

Front 76

Lung pressures

Back 76

alveolar
relaxation

Front 77

alveolar pressure

Back 77

pressure within the lungs

how air enters and leaves lungs

increased volume - decreased

air moves from high to low

Front 78

relaxation pressure

Back 78

passive forces include elastic recoil, gravity and torque

Front 79

alveolar pressure =

Back 79

relation pressure + pressure from muscular forces

Front 80

Most important muscles of expiration for speech exhalation

Back 80

internal intercostals

abdominal muscles

Front 81

Internal intercostals

Back 81

between ribs

11 pairs of muscles deep to external

may be active during expiration, esp during production of stressed syllables

lowest rib must be stabilized

Front 82

transverse thoracic ms.

Back 82

og. form posterior surface of sternum

angle up and out to attch to several upper ribs

can lower ribs

Front 83

subcostals

Back 83

og. on lower ribs near articulation with vertebrae

angle up and out to insert onto ribs 1 to 2 above

can lower ribs

Front 84

quadratus lumborum

Back 84

og. along the iliac crest of the pleivs

extend upward to insert onto lowest rib

can pull lowest rib downward

Front 85

serratus posterior inferior

Back 85

og. form spinous pro of lowest thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae

angle up and out to insert onto the lowest 44 ribs

can pull ribs downward

Front 86

abdominal muscles function

Back 86

compress abdominal contents upward agains the diaphragm and lungs

lower/depress the ribs

Front 87

rectus abdominis

Back 87

og on the pubic bones of the pleivs

extend up to insert onto sternum and costal cartilages esp # 7

Front 88

rectus ab function

Back 88

pull ribs downward, opposing the AP expansion of inhalation

Front 89

external ( ab ) oblique

Back 89

og. at the lateral lower 8 ribs

angle medially as they extend down to insert into ab aponerosis and pleivs

compress ab contenst

Front 90

abdominal apponeurosis

Back 90

broad sheet of tendon on the anterior ab wall

serves as one point of attachment for 3 of the 4 pais of ab musc.

Front 91

internal (ab) oblique

Back 91

deep to ext.

og at iliac crests

angle medially as they extend up to insert into abdominal aponeurosis and lwoer costal cartialges

Front 92

transverse abdominis

Back 92

deepest abdominal ms.

og lumbar vertebrae

extend horizontally to attach into ab aponeurosis, lower ribs and pelivs

compress ab contents

Front 93

Respiratory Cycle

Back 93

1 resp cycle = an inspiration/inhalaiton + an expiration/exhalation

Front 94

Respirations per min

Back 94

adults 12 bpm
newborns 40-70

Front 95

volumes

Back 95

discrete values of lung subdivisions; no overlap of volumes

Front 96

capacities

Back 96

lung divisions comprised of 2 + lung values added together

Front 97

total lung capacity TLC

Back 97

the quantity of air the lungs are capable of holding at the height of a max inhalation

Front 98

TLC increases up to

Back 98

20 years

steady 5 yrs

declines

Front 99

Vital Capacity

Back 99

the amount of air that can be forcibly expelled form the lungs after a max inspiration' includes inspiratory reserve vol IRV tidal vol TV and expiratory reserve vol ERV

Front 100

residual vol RV

Back 100

volume of air that remains in the lungs after a max exhalation; cannot be expelled

RV grad. increases

shift occurs in capacites during adulthood

TLC decreases

Front 101

Tidal volume TV

Back 101

the vol of air inhaled or exhaled during any single respiratory cycle

quiet resp 500 in adults male >
physical exertial causes TV to increase

Front 102

Inspiratory reserve volume IRV

Back 102

the quantity of air which can be inhaled beyond that inhaled in a tidal volume cycle

Front 103

Expiratory reserve volume ERV

Back 103

the amt of air that can forcibly exhaled following a quiet or passive exhalation

Front 104

resting level def

Back 104

the state of equilibrium in the respiratory system.
the forces of compression of the lungs are balanced by the forces of expansion of the thorax

Front 105

resting level levels

Back 105

level @ which passive exhalation ends

aprox 405 of vital capacity

Front 106

Equilibrium

Back 106

elastic force of lungs is in balance with the expansionary force of thorax


lungs would be much smaller if not in thorax
chest wall would expand

Front 107

types of respiration

Back 107

quiet/vegetative
forced
speech

Front 108

quiet/vegetative respiration

Back 108

a form of Tidal Breathing ; rhythmic

inspiration is active process
muscular effort required
small vol exchanged 500- 750


Expiration is passive

elastic recoil and gravity

ends at resting level

Front 109

Forced respiration

Back 109

form of tidal breathing; rhythmic

increased demand for oxygen
greater use of accessory muscles
forced expiration is active

Front 110

Speech respiration

Back 110

inspiration = active
expiration is controlled - passive expiratory forces

Front 111

relaxation pressure

Back 111

alveolar pressure generated entirely by passive forces, + or -

passive forces - elastic recoil and gravity

lung vol > than at resting level result in a + relaxation pressure

lung vol lesser than at resitng lever = _ relaxation pressure
alveolar/lung pressure in expiration can result form passive forces and active forces

Front 112

Alveolar pressure forr speech =

Back 112

relaxation pressure + pressure form muscular forces

Front 113

quiet expiration

Back 113

greatest at onset of expiration

weakens as expiration continues
reaches - at resting expiratory lever

alveolar pressure & tracheal pressure weakens during expiration