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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 main elements in body |
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen |
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# of protons |
atomic number |
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isotope |
same # protons, different # neutrons |
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solution |
mixture in which a substance is dissolved in water |
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solvent |
substance doing the dissolving |
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solute |
substance getting dissolved |
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Polar molecules |
hydophilic |
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Nonpolar molecules |
hydrophobic |
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mass #/atomic mass |
total mass of atom (p + n) |
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cohesion |
water can hold to water |
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adhesion |
water can hold to other polar things |
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Ionic bonds |
give/take, usually 1-2 electrons |
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Covalent bonds |
sharing, can be polar or non-polar |
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water |
held together by polar covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds |
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1 mole |
6.02 x 10^23 |
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molecular mass |
sum of atomic masses of each atom in molecule |
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osmolarity |
osmoles per liter 6.02 x 10^23 particles per liter |
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electronegativity |
how much attraction they have increases on periodic table as you move right nonpolar - no electronegativity polar - some electronegativity ionic - most electronegativity because only wants 1 more electron |
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water makes up... |
50-60% of body, 92% of blood |
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increase in [H+] |
acid |
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decrease in [H+] |
base |
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pH less than 7 |
acid |
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pH more than 7 |
base |
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Polysaccharides |
starch - amylose, amylopectin glycogen cellulose |
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glycogen |
polysaccharide storage form of glucose in animals highly branched stored primarily in liver & muscles |
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starch |
polysaccharide glucose subunits storage form of glucose in plants amylose - long, unbranched amylopectin - branched
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cellulose |
structural molecule in plants - fiber polymer of glucose human body does not have enzymes to digest cellulose |
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Monosaccharides |
Glucose Fructose Galactose |
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Disaccharides |
Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Maltose (glucose + glucose) Lactose (glucose + galactose) |
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Lipid make up |
hydrocarbon chain, nonpolar |
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Triglycerides |
major form of fat in plants and animals glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules |
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Saturated fat |
fatty acid chains with no double bond |
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unsaturated fat |
one or more double bonds |
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monounsaturated fat |
1 double bond |
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polyunsaturated fat |
2 or more double bonds |
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Cis bonds |
angled/kinked, harder to stack - liquid @ room temp |
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Trans bonds |
straight geometry like saturated fat, solid @ room temp |
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Phospholipids |
amphipathic - polar and nonpolar regions formed when fatty acid is replaced by phosphate group bilipid layer in cell membranes |
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Steroids |
hydrocarbon rings joined to each other nonpolar/hydrophobic |
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Cholesterol |
builds & maintains cellular membranes body makes and can ingest cholesterol |
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Lipoproteins |
LDL - low protein, high fat HDL - more proteins, less fat |
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Amino acids |
polymers that make up proteins
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# amino acids |
20 in humans 9 essential 11 can be made by body |
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catabolism |
breakdown |
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anabolism |
build up (anabolic steroids) |
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reversible reactions |
chemical reactions in which the reaction can proceed either from reactants to products or from products to reactants |
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Equilibrium |
rate of product formation is equal to rate of reactant formation |
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Oxidation |
loss of an electron by a substance |
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Reduction |
gain of an electron by a substance |
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Activation energy |
Minimum energy needed to for reactants to start a reaction |
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Carbs easiest to break down |
highly branched |
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Hydrogenation |
trans fats straightens kink in chain, makes it solid @ room temp |
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Monosaccharides |
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose dry/powdered state: linear dissolved in water: ringed |
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Isomers |
molecules with same molecular formula but different structural formulas |
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Disaccharides |
2 monosaccarides linked together created by dehydration synthesis reaction sucrose, maltose, lactose can be absorbed into blood |
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Polysaccharides |
long chains of monosaccharide units linked through dehydration synthesis reaction complex carbs |
