Anat & Phys: Ch.2 -Chemical Basis Of Life

Front 1

What is Matter?

Back 1

Anything that takes up space and has weight (mass)

Front 2

What is an element?

Back 2

-unique substance
-building blocks of matter -cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

Front 3

How many elements exist

name some

Back 3

114 known
92- natrually occuring
Iron, copper, silver, gold, aluminum, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Front 4

Which 4 elements make up 96% of the human body?

Back 4

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
C.O.H.N

Front 5

Bulk Elements or Major Elements

Back 5

-Body requires in large amounts

-In addition to COHN, sulfur and phosphorus

Front 6

Trace Elements

Back 6

-Required by the body in small amounts.
-Often important parts of enzymes
-some are toxic in lg. amounts

Front 7

What are elements made of?

Back 7

Atoms

Front 8

What is an atom?

What is it made of?

Back 8

-make up elements
-smallest particle that still has the element's properties
-chemically identical, differ in size, weight, interaction

Front 9

Compound

Back 9

2 or more atoms of DIFFERENT elements in chemical combination

Front 10

What is the atomic structure?

Back 10

Nucleus
Electron Cloud
Nucleus= Protons (+)
Neutrons (no charge)
Electons (-)

Front 11

Electrons

Back 11

-move around the nucleus
-small / carry no weight
-carry a single - charge (e-)

Front 12

Proton

Back 12

large atomic particle
carries a + electrical charge

Front 13

WHAT IS THE CHARGE OF A NUCLEUS?

Back 13

positive

Front 14

what is the charge of an atom?

Back 14

no charge

Front 15

what accounts for the charge of an atom

Back 15

The number of electrons and the number of protons are equal, thus electrically neutral

Front 16

Ion

Back 16

Particle that is electrically charged because it has lost or gained one or more electrons

Front 17

Molecule

Back 17

2 or more atoms of the same or different elements in chemical combination

Front 18

Atomic Weight

Back 18

-Number of Protons + Neutrons in an atom

-located on periodic table below the symbol for ea. element

Front 19

Atomic Number

Back 19

-Number of protons (or electons) in an atom
-On the periodic table above the symbol for each element

Front 20

Name some subatomic particles:

Back 20

Atom, electron, proton, neutron

Front 21

What are the characteristics of a Stable Atom

Back 21

-Outer shell is filled (contains the maximum amount of electrons it can hold)

-stable atoms are also INERT

Front 22

Characteristics of an Unstable atom

Back 22

-Outermost shell unfilled

-reveal their instability by being highly reactive

Front 23

What is an Isotope?

Back 23

isotopes of an element have the same number of protons & electrons, but different numbers of neutrons
-SAME atomic number, DIFF. atomic mass

Front 24

How do like and unlike charges act?

Back 24

Opposite charges attract
Like charges repel

Front 25

Wha is the formula for determining the max number of electrons?

Back 25

X=2n squared

n= energy level #
X= max # of electrons

Front 26

Atoms combine to form________

Back 26

Molecules

Front 27

Radioisotopes

Back 27

-Heavier isotopes tend to decompose to become stable
-This decay process is called radioactivity

Front 28

Radioactive Decay

Back 28

involves the ejection of particles (alpha, beta) or electromagnetic energy (gamma rays) from the atoms nucleus and are damaging to living cells

Front 29

Alpha Emission

Back 29

-Type of atomic radiation
-Ejection of particles from the nucleus
-can't easily penetrate matter
-has the least penetrating power

Front 30

Gamma Rays

Back 30

Form of Atomic Radiation produced by radioactive isotopes
-Has the most penetrating power

Front 31

How are radioisotopes used in medicine?

Back 31

-In minute amounts, to tag biological molecules so they can be traced through the body.
-Medical disgnosis and treatment
-Iodine- scan thyroid
-Cobalt- destroy cancers

Front 32

What is a molecule

Back 32

2 or more atoms of the same or different elements

-combine to form a distinctive particle

H+H=H2

Front 33

Compound

Back 33

2 or more atoms of different elments

Front 34

What types of events occur as a result of radioactive isotopes?

Back 34

Alpha, beta: the ejection of particles or electromagnetic enegry Gama rays fromt he atom's nucleus

Front 35

Ionic Bonding is also called

Back 35

Electron Transfer or Ionic or Ionization Reactions

Front 36

What is Ionic Bonding?

Back 36

When atoms w/ unfilled valence shells encounter each other., their unfilled valence shells make them undergo a chemical reaction (gain or loss of an electron)

Front 37

True or False?
The atoms of most elements have valence shells that are unfilled?

Back 37

True. They are unstable , ie unreactive.

Front 38

Cation

Back 38

a positively charged ion

-attracted to its opposite charge: Cathode (-)

Front 39

Anode

Back 39

a negatively charged ion (Cl-)

Attracted to it's opposite, an anion (-)

Front 40

Acid

Back 40

-Love to lose
-tend to form H+
Any substance that yields (loses, gives up) Hydrogen (ie protons) in water

Front 41

Bases

Back 41

Love to gain
-Accept Hydrogen ions or protons
-ex: hydroxides ie sodium hydroxide
Tend to form (OH-)

Front 42

Salt

Back 42

Compound that yields ions other than hydrogen

Front 43

Electrolytes

Back 43

Acids, bases, salts
-Conduct electricity because of the presence of ions

Front 44

strong acids have a pH of? and what are their characteristics?

Back 44

0-5
Ionize completely, produce large amts. of H ions

Front 45

Weak acids have a pH of? What re it's characteristics

Back 45

5.1 -6.9
Ionize incompletely producing a small amt of H ions

Front 46

Water pH?

Back 46

7.0
Equal numbers of H and Hydroxl (OH)

Front 47

pH of Bases

Back 47

7.1-14
Accept hydrogen Ions(protons) in solution.
Often release OH (hydroxyl) in water

Front 48

What is Synthesis? Example of Synthesis in the human body?

Back 48

Synthesis: 2 or more atoms combine to form a larger, more complex molecule
A + B = AB

Example: growth / repair of tissues; fomation of protein by joining amino acids

Front 49

Building blocks of an atom?

Back 49

Subatomic particles

Front 50

Basic units of a compound?

Back 50

Molecules

Front 51

pH scale measures

Back 51

concentration of Hydrogen ions in water

Front 52

a solution that produces equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions is called

Back 52

Neutral (as in water)

Front 53

isotopes of an element have the same number of_____ and _____and different numbers of ________

Back 53

protons and electrons

diff. no of neutrons

(or same atomic #, different atomic mass)

Front 54

Atoms of the same element have the same numbers of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons. True or false

Back 54

True

Front 55

Describe an organic compound

Back 55

-has carbon
-compounds that contain carbon-hydrogen bonding

-body ex: (CLPN)carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Front 56

Inorganic compounds

Back 56

Do not contain carbon (carbon-hydrogen bonding)

-water, salts, acids and bases

Front 57

Hydrolysis

Back 57

breakdown of a more complex molecule into its building blocks.

water is added, bond is broken, simpler molecules are formed.

Front 58

HCL--->H+ + CL-

acid, base or salt?

Back 58

acid
note the H+

Front 59

NaCl--->Na+ + Cl-


acid, base or salt

Back 59

Salt

yields other than an acid or base

Front 60

MgOH2--->mg++ +2 OH-

acid, base or salt

Back 60

base

note OH-

Front 61

What elements comprise Carbohydrates?
What is a sample carbohydrate?

Back 61

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only
-include nucleic acids
-samples: mono, di & polysaccharides
-Function: Provide energy / cell structure
-water soluble
Many carry hydrogen and oxygen in the same ration in water 2:1

C12 H22 O11 and C5 H10 O5

Front 62

Name three types of carbohydrates

Back 62

Monosaccharides (end in ose)
Dissacharides
Polysaccharides

Front 63

Lipids

Back 63

Contain same elements as carbohydrates: carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. But lower amts. of Oxygen
-insoluble in water
-Most common lipids: FATS
-Include: Fats, phospholipids and steroids

Front 64

What are the types of chemical reactions

Back 64

Synthesis
Decomposition
Exchange

Front 65

Exchange

Back 65

Involves both synthesis and decomposition.

A switch is made b/w molecule parts
AB + CD----> AD + CB

Front 66

What are samples of organic compounds in the body?

Back 66

CLPN
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

Front 67

What are samples of inorganic compounds in the body?

Back 67

Water, salts and many acids and bases

Front 68

What is an electrolyte? What are some examples in the body?

Back 68

Substance that conduct electrical current in solution

Acids, bases and salts