Anat M2

Front 1

nervous system consists of _______

Back 1

all neural tissues of the body

Front 2

neural crests:

Back 2

embryotic tissue derived from ectoderm that migrates widely within the embryo and give rise to sensory neurons, all nerve ganglia, melanocytes, and other structures

Front 3

neural tube:

Back 3

embryonic tissue where neural tissue is derived

Front 4

nervous system cell types:

Back 4

neurons and neuroglial cells (neuroglia)

Front 5

neurons:

Back 5

cells of nervous system that transmit and receive electrical activity

Front 6

neuroglial cells (neurglia)

Back 6

nervous system cells that support and protect neurons

Front 7

function of nervous system:

Back 7

Control and integrate various activities of body organs
Senses and responds to stimuli in the environment

Front 8

examples of higher centers

Back 8

brain centers for memory, thought, learning, and consciousness

Front 9

anatomical subdivisions of nervous system:

Back 9

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

Front 10

central nervous system includes:

Back 10

brain and spinal cord

Front 11

peripheral nervous system includes:

Back 11

all other nervous tissue other than brain and spinal cord

Front 12

afferent division of nervous system:

Back 12

sensory division sending information to CNS

Front 13

efferent division of nervous system:

Back 13

motor division sending information to PNS

Front 14

two subdivisions of motor system:

Back 14

somatic motor division and visceral motor division

Front 15

somatic motor division:

Back 15

motor system controlling skeletal muscle and voluntary movement

Front 16

visceral motor division:

Back 16

motor division controlling smooth and cardiac muscle and glands (involuntary control)

Front 17

synapse:

Back 17

gap between neurons

Front 18

structures of neuron:

Back 18

cell body (soma, perikaryon), dendrites, axon

Front 19

Soma/perikaryon:

Back 19

nerve cell body
contains: nucleus, nissl substance (RER), mitochondria, golgi apparatus, neurofibrils microtubules, axon hillock

Front 20

dendrites:

Back 20

Cells often contains one or more
contains: RER, mitochondria, neurofibrils

Front 21

axon:

Back 21

Cells only have one
contains: initial segment, mitochondria, neurofibrils, microtubules, vesicles
Made of fiber
Where action potential begins
Supported by neuroglial cells that cover axon after initial segment (insulation)

Front 22

axon hillock:

Back 22

Naked area of cell body where axon emerges
Where action potential begins

Front 23

Satellite cells:

Back 23

cells surrounding cell body for support

Front 24

Can electrical signals travel only through the plasma membrane?

Back 24

yes

Front 25

types of neurons:

Back 25

anaxonic, unipolar, bipolar, multipolar

Front 26

anaxonic neuron:

Back 26

Type of neuron with no axon
Rare (ex: cerebellum cells)

Front 27

unipolar neuron:

Back 27

Type of neuron with one axon
Are sensory neurons of PNS
Both sides function as axon
Used to be bipolar-->soma moved over and dendrite merged to form a unipolar cell

Front 28

bipolar neuron:

Back 28

Type of neuron with one axon an one dendrite
Specialized for sight, smell, hearing

Front 29

mulipolar neuron:

Back 29

Type of neuron with one axon and many dendrites
Are motor neurons of CNS and PNS
Very common in CNS
Generally muscular neurons

Front 30

types of neuroglia in CNS:

Back 30

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

Front 31

types of neuroglia in PNS:

Back 31

satellite cells, schwann cells

Front 32

astrocytes:

Back 32

Type of neuroglia
With capillaries
Help form blood-brain barrier and provide support, nutrition, help repair neurons

selectively let in substances (but not tissue fluid) of blood brain barrier

two types: fibrous and protplasmic astrocytes

Front 33

microglia:

Back 33

Type of neuroglia in CNS
Are macrophages
Join neural tissue early in development
Are phagocytes (scavengers) of neural tissue

Front 34

ependymal cells:

Back 34

Type of neuroglia in CNS
Protective coverings of free surfaces in CNS
Can regulate cerebrospinal fluid levels (tissue fluid of CNS)

Front 35

oligodendrocytes:

Back 35

Type of neuroglia in CNS
Surrounds axons and provides axon with myelin

Front 36

satellite cells:

Back 36

Type of neuroglia in PNS
Surrounds cell bodies in PNS

Front 37

schwann cells

Back 37

Type of neuroglia in PNS
Surrounds axons and provide axons with myelin
Speeds up neural process

Front 38

myelination in PNS:

Back 38

If swchann cells only wraps around once--> nonmyelinated
If wraps around several times--> myelinated
oligodendrocytes make this
There is never a naked axon (always has swchann cells)

Front 39

Nodes of ravier:

Back 39

Regions where schwann cells are not located
One of the few places that axons are "naked"
(remember axons are never naked)

Front 40

saltatory conduction:

Back 40

"jumping" of nerve impulse (speedy conduction)

Front 41

gray matter:

Back 41

In CNS: on surface of brain (cortex)
gray matter inside brain ("nuclei=clusters of cell bodies)

in PNS: "ganglia"=clusters of neuron cells bodies

Front 42

white matter:

Back 42

In CNS: is fatty and made of myelin sheaths
made of tracts (axon bundles) and columns (groups of axon bundles)

In PNS: made of nerves (bundles of axons)

Front 43

cortex:

Back 43

made of gray mater in CNS

Front 44

nuclei:

Back 44

collection of cell bodies in CNS

Front 45

tracts:

Back 45

axon bundles in CNS

Front 46

columns:

Back 46

groups of axon bundles in CNS

Front 47

ganglia:

Back 47

collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS

Front 48

nerve:

Back 48

bundles of axons in PNS

Front 49

receptors:

Back 49

ascending sensory pathway

Front 50

effectors:

Back 50

descending motor pathway

Front 51

nerve regenerational steps:

Back 51

1. fragmentation of axon and myelin
2. macrophage eat debris and schwann cells form new pathway for axon
3. axons grow into stump
4. schwann cells remyelinate axon

Front 52

beginning and ending of spinal cord:

Back 52

begins: medulla oblongata of brain stem (at foramen magnum of occipital lobe)
ends: inferior level of first lumbar vertebra (called: conus medullaris)

Front 53

conus medullaris:

Back 53

area of spinal cord at first lumbar vertebra (L1 and L2) where nerves end and rest of spinal cord becomes nerve roots

Front 54

two enlargements of spinal cord:

Back 54

Cervical enlargement: supplies nerves associated with upper limb
Lumbar enlargement: supplies nerves associated with lower limb

Front 55

number of segments of spinal cord:

Back 55

31
each segment has a pair of spinal nerves projecting to and from it

Front 56

regions of spinal segments

Back 56

cervical (8 segments)
thoracic (12 segments)
lumbar (1 segment)
last 10 segments do not arise from spinal cord (L2-5, Sacral 1-5, Coccygeal 1)

Front 57

cauda equina

Back 57

"horses tail"
nerve roots that extend spinal cord

Front 58

Anatomy of a nerve (in PNS)

Back 58

Dorsal and ventral root (with dorsal root ganglion)
A nerve (proper)
Dorsal and ventral primary nerve rami (branches that serve the anterior and posterior regions of the body)

Front 59

dorsal root:

Back 59

part of PNS nerve that is made of sensory axons sending signals into the spinal cord

Front 60

ventral root:

Back 60

part of PNS nerve that is made of motor fibers sending signal out to PNS

Front 61

dorsal root ganglion:

Back 61

where cell bodies or PNS neuron cluster
Near connections btwn ventral and dorsal root

Front 62

primary dorsal ramus:

Back 62

supplies posterior muscles and skin with nerves
Carry somatic sensory, somatic motor, visceral motor axons

Front 63

primary ventral ramus:

Back 63

Supplies anterior of body wall, skin, and muscles of the limbs and girdles
Carries somatic sensory, somatic motor, and visceral motor axons

Front 64

median sulcus:

Back 64

small posterior hole in cord that separates left and right spinal cord of white matter

Front 65

lateral columns:

Back 65

White matter columns of spinal cord

Front 66

median anterior fissure:

Back 66

fissure in posterior end of white matter in spinal cord (bigger than median sulcus)

Front 67

structures of gray matter in PNS:

Back 67

posterior horn
anterior horns
intermediate horns (in thoracic and lumbar regions only)
central canal (in gray matter): is extension of ventricular system of brain and brain stem

Front 68

spinal meninges:

Back 68

part of spinal cord made of three connective tissue coverings that protect it from damage and provide circulation of cerebrospinal fluid
dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

Front 69

dura mater:

Back 69

"tough mother"
lies beneath bone of vertebrea (outer covering)
filleds fatty space called: epidural space
follows roots of spinal nerve and fuses laterally with ct of spinal cord

Front 70

arachnoid:

Back 70

"spider layer"
Layer with spider-like projections supporting spinal cord
CSF circulates between arachnoid and pia mater (subarachnoid space)
This layer directly touches dura mater (if blood btwn layers there is no way to drain)

Front 71

pia mater:

Back 71

"delicate mother"
Inner layer
Adheres to spinal cord and its sulcus and fissure
Extends laterally (along with arachnoid) as the denticulate ligaments (look like shark teeth) that anchors spinal cord to dura mater
Stretches and attaches to arachnoid
Stops spinal cord from rolling up
there is a space between pia mater and arachnoid (if blood present it can drain out)

Front 72

subarachnoid space:

Back 72

Space between arachnoid and pia mater where CSF travels
Enlarged to from spinal cistern

Front 73

spinal cistern:

Back 73

space with CSF in subarachnoid space at root of spinal cord (horse's tail) at lower end of spinal cord

Front 74

subdermal hematoma:

Back 74

when you are injured and you bleed into space between dura mater and arachnoid space (no way to drain)

Front 75

what is the terminate nerve root end of spinal cord made of?

Back 75

pia mater to anchor spinal cord

Front 76

layers of ct covering spinal cord nerves and thier branches:

Back 76

epineurium
perineurium
endoneurium

Front 77

epineurium:

Back 77

a tough outer layer of spinal cord nerve and branches made of collagen fibers and blood vessels

Front 78

perineurium:

Back 78

a tough layer of spinal cord nerve and branches made of collagen fiber and blood vessels that divides nerves into fascicls (bundles of axons)

Front 79

endoneurium:

Back 79

a delicate layer of spinal cord nerves and branches made of collagen fibrils that surround each axon and its schwann cell sheaths

Front 80

Where do spinal nerves enter spinal cord?

Back 80

by dorsal root (all their cell bodies located in doral root ganglion)

Front 81

Where do lower motor neurons have their nuclei?

Back 81

"nuclei": cluster of cell bodies in spinal cord
in ventral horn of gray matter (or in intermediolateral horn for ANS) and exit through ventral root

Front 82

dermatomes:

Back 82

where spinal nerves have areas of innervation on skin (evidence for spinal segmentation)

Front 83

plexuses:

Back 83

tangles of anterior primary rami of spinal nerves that supply limbs and some other areas of body
3 types: cervical, brachial, lumbosacral plexuses

Front 84

cervical plexus:

Back 84

tangle of anterior primary rami that supplies skeletal muscles in skin and neck

Front 85

brachial plexus:

Back 85

tangles of anterior primary rami that supplies muscles and skin of the pectoral girdle and upper limb
Have three cord configuration that wraps around axillary blood vessels (lateral, medial, posterior)
-->these form an M shape

Front 86

lumbosacral plexus:

Back 86

tangles of anterior primary rami that sometimes divide into 2
Supplies muscles of pelvic girdle and lower limb and skin
These are very long nerves

Front 87

ansa cervicalis:

Back 87

Compartment of cervical plexus
Supplies strap muscles of larynx

Front 88

phrenic nerve:

Back 88

Compartment of cervical plexus (C3-5)
Supplies diaphragm

Front 89

accessory nerve:

Back 89

Compartment of cervical plexus (C1-5)
Supplies levator scapulea, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

Front 90

compartments of brachial plexus:

Back 90

5 anterior rami (C5-T1)
3 trunks
5 divisions
3 cords
5 branches

Front 91

musculocutaneous nerve:

Back 91

branch of brachial plexus
Supplies biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis muscles

Front 92

median nerve:

Back 92

branch of brachial plexus
Supplies flexor muscles and pronator muscles in forearm, thenar muscle in hand

Front 93

ulnar nerve:

Back 93

branch of brachial plexus
Supplies 1.5 of flexor muscles, and most anterior muscles in hand

Front 94

radial nerve:

Back 94

branch of brachial plexus
Supplies extensor muscles of arm, forearm, and hand

Front 95

axillary nerve:

Back 95

branch of brachial plexus
Supplies deltoid and teres minor muscle

Front 96

femoral nerve:

Back 96

branch of lumbosacral plexus
L2-4
Supplies extensors of knee (quadricep femoris) and flexors of thigh (illopsoas)

Front 97

obturator nerve:

Back 97

branch of lumbosacral plexus
L2-4
Supplies most adductors of thigh

Front 98

sciatic nerve:

Back 98

branch of lumbosacral plexus
L4, L5, S1-3
Supplies two hamstrings (semimembranosus, semiteninosus) and part of adductor magnus
has 3 branches (tibial, superficial fibular, deep fibular nerve)

Front 99

tibial nerve:

Back 99

branch of sciatic nerve
Posterior
Supplies flexors of knee, plantar flexors of ankle, flexors of toes

Front 100

superficial fibular nerve:

Back 100

branch of sciatic nerve
Lateral
Supplies fibularis longus and brevis muscles

Front 101

deep fibular nerve:

Back 101

branch of sciatic nerve
Anterior
Supplies tibialis anterior and extensors of toes

Front 102

reflexes:

Back 102

can be monosynaptic (uses only one synapse) or polysynaptic (has 2 or more synapses)

steps:
1. stimulus activates receptors
2. sensory neurons activated
3. motor neurons activated
4. response by effector

Front 103

monosynaptic reflex:

Back 103

reflex occuring only using one synapse

Front 104

polysynaptic reflex:

Back 104

reflex occuring using 2 or more synapses (more than one nerve involved)
Most common

Front 105

major regions of brain:

Back 105

forebrain (prosencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon)
hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

Front 106

forebrain (prosencephalon):

Back 106

part of brain including cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres) and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

Front 107

midbrain (mesencephalon):

Back 107

Part of brain
not part of brain stem!

function: processing visual and auditory data, general reflexes of somatic motor resonse

Front 108

hindbrain (rhombencephalon):

Back 108

part of brain containing:
metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

Front 109

cerebrum:

Back 109

part of forebrain

consists of lobes, gyri, fissues, sulci, and basal nuclei

lobes function: conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and retrieval, voluntary motor activities

basal nuclei function: subconscious modulation of voluntary motor commands

Front 110

lobes, gyri, fissures, sulci:

Back 110

Part of cerebrum
Gray matter (neuron cell bodies) at surface
White matter (axon bundles) deeper

lobes: gray matter masses
gyri: ridge on surface of cerebral cortex
fissure: deep impression/inward fold of cerebran cortex
sulci: a groove in cerebral cortex

function: conscious thought, intellectual functions, memory storage and retrieval, voluntary motor activity

Front 111

basal nuclei:

Back 111

cluster of neurons cell bodies in deep regions of cortex

function: subconsious modulation of voluntary motor commands

Front 112

lymbic system:

Back 112

group of structures in medial cerebral hemisphere that are important with processing memories, forming emotions and drives

contains: limbic lobe, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix

Front 113

amygdala:

Back 113

Part of limbic system
subcoritcal gray matter with nuclei to process fear and stimulate sympathetic response

Front 114

hippocamus:

Back 114

encodes, consolidates, and retrieves memories of facts and events

Front 115

fornix:

Back 115

"arch"
fiber tract that link the limbic system together

Front 116

epithalamus:

Back 116

Part of diencephalon
Contains: pineal gland (unknown function-->in lower animals it controls sex drive)

function: secretes horomone melatonin, which influences day/night activities (sleep/wake cycle)

Front 117

pineal gland:

Back 117

unknown functioning gland in diencephalon

in lower animals it controls sex drive

Front 118

diencephalon:

Back 118

Part of forebrain
Contains epithalamus, thalmus, hypothalamus

Front 119

thalamus:

Back 119

Part of diencephalon
"girl's bedroom"
The pair surround third ventricle
function: a complex of nuclei that serve as a way station for all incoming sensory information (from all parts of body except olfactory lobes)

Front 120

hypothalamus:

Back 120

Part of diencephalon
Surrounds third ventricle

Function: emotional and visceral center, controls pituitary gland, autonomic nervous system, body temperature, satiety

Called: master gland
important highest center of emotonal and visceral center

Front 121

tectum with corpora quadrigema:

Back 121

part of midbrain
tectum: "roof"
corpora quadrigema: brain nuclei making up tectum
-4 bumps on dorals surface of midbrain
-divided into 2 regions superior and inferior colliculi

function: controls auditory and visual reflexes

Front 122

superior colliculi:

Back 122

brain nuclei of tectum in midbrain

function: visual reflexes

Front 123

inferior colliculi:

Back 123

brain nuclei of tectum in midbrain

function: auditory reflexes

Front 124

cerebral aqueduct:

Back 124

part of midbrain
Filled with CSF
Connects third ventricle and diencephalon to fourth ventricle
Surrounded by periaqueduct gray matter (involved in fight-or-flight physiological response and visceral pain)

Front 125

cerebral peduncle:

Back 125

Part of midbrain made of white matter
Bundles of myelinated axons ascending to thalamus and descending to spinal cord
Attaches to hindbrain

Front 126

hypothalamus:

Back 126

Part of diencephalon
Surrounds third ventricle

Function: emotional and visceral center, controls pituitary gland, autonomic nervous system, body temperature, satiety

Called: master gland
important highest center of emotonal and visceral center

Front 127

tectum with corpora quadrigema:

Back 127

part of midbrain
tectum: "roof"
corpora quadrigema: brain nuclei making up tectum
-4 bumpts on dorals surface of midbrain
-divided into 2 regions superior and inferior colliculi

function: controls auditory and visual reflexes

Front 128

superior colliculi:

Back 128

brain nuclei of tectum in midbrain

function: visual reflexes

Front 129

inferior colliculi:

Back 129

brain nuclei of tectum in midbrain

function: auditory reflexes

Front 130

cerebral aqueduct:

Back 130

part of midbrain
Filled with CSF
Connects third ventricle and diencephalon to fourth ventricle
Surrounded by periaqueduct gray matter (involved in fight-or-flight physiological response and visceral pain)

Front 131

cerebral peduncle:

Back 131

Part of midbrain made of white matter
Bundles of myelinated axons ascending to thalamus and descending to spinal cord
Attaches to hindbrain

Front 132

metencephalon:

Back 132

Part of hindbrain
Contains pons and cerebellum

Front 133

pons:

Back 133

Part of metencephalon in hindbrain
"bridge"
Are the middle cerebellar peduncles connecting axons from either side of cerebellum and brainstem
Two other cerebellar penduncles have axons from midbrain (superior cerebellar peduncles) and from medulla oblongata (inferior cerebellar penduncle)
Has many nuclei associated with cranial nerve cell bodies

Function: relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus and subconsious somatic/visceral motor centers

Front 134

cerebellum:

Back 134

Part of metencephalon in hindbrain
Consists of 2 hemispheres:

function: subconsious maintenance of posture and equilibrium and programming/fine-tuning of voluntary and involuntary movements

Front 135

myelencephalon:

Back 135

Part of hindbrain containing medulla oblongata

Front 136

medulla oblongata:

Back 136

Part of myelencephalon of hindbrain
Connects brain stem and spinal cord

Function:
-many ascending/descending tracts (nerves of CNS) from the white matter of the organ
-gray matter contains relay center for incoming sensory neurons for the cell bodies of five cranial nerves
-reflex center for regulation of unconsious activities such as respiration, HR, blood flow

Front 137

ventricle:

Back 137

expansions of brain's central cavity filled with CSF and lined with ependymal cells
have: lateral, third, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricles

each has a choroid plexus (main source of CSF)

Front 138

lateral ventricles

Back 138

2 ventricles in cerebral hemispheres (in lobes)
Horseshoe shaped

Front 139

third ventricle:

Back 139

ventricle in diencephalon
Connects to each lateral ventrical by interventricular foramen

Front 140

cerebral aqueduct:

Back 140

thin tube-like central cavity connecting third and fourth ventricle in midbrain

Front 141

fourth ventricle:

Back 141

ventricle in hindbrain
Connects to central canal of inferior medulla and spinal cord

Has holes in it leading to subarachnoid space for drainage of CSF

Front 142

meninges (in brain):

Back 142

structure surrounding brain allowing venous drainage and recirculation of CSF
Has 3 layers:
-dura mater (tough mother)
-arachoid (with spidery trabeculae)
-pia mater (delicate mother) adheres to brain and brain stem

Front 143

dura mater extentions in brain:

Back 143

falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentorium

Front 144

falx cerebri:

Back 144

inward extension of dura mater
Sickle shaped in median plane in longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres

Front 145

number of cranial nerves:

Back 145

12

Front 146

cranial nerves are functionally _____

Back 146

sensory, motor, mixed
(Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Bad Business Matters More)

Front 147

name the cranial nerves carrying parasympathetic neurons:

Back 147

CN III, VII, IX, and XI

Front 148

name of cranial nerves:

Back 148

Olfactory On
Optic Old
Occulomotor Olympus
Trochlear Towering
Trigeminal Tops
Abducens A
Facial Finn
Vestibulocochlear Vain
Glossopharyngeal German
Vagus Viewed
Accessory A
Hypoglossal Hops

Front 149

cranial nerves in cerebral hemisphere:

Back 149

CNI, CNII

Front 150

cranial nerves in midbrain:

Back 150

CN III, CN IV

Front 151

cranial nerves in pons:

Back 151

CN V, CN VI, CN VII, CN VIII

Front 152

cranial nerves in medulla oblongata:

Back 152

CN VIII, CN IX, CN X, CN XI, CN XII

Front 153

number of cranial nerves in each region of brain and brain stem (mnemonic):

Back 153

2, 2, 3.5, 4.5

Front 154

part of trigeminal nerve

Back 154

largest cranial nerve

V1: ophthalmic branch
V2: maxillary branch
V3: Mandibular branch

Front 155

posterior column pathway:

Back 155

function: proprioception, pressure, fine touch, vibration

primary axon: enter by dorsal root
- ascends to posterior column (white matter)
- synapses with medulla oblongata (gray matter of nucleus gracilis or cuneatus)
second order axons: crosses to contralateral medial leminscus
- ascends to thalamus and synapses
third order axon: ascends from thalamus to parietal lobe (primary somatosensory cortex)

Front 156

proprioception:

Back 156

sense of muscle and joint position

Front 157

where does the axon cross to the other side of the body in the posterior column pathway?

Back 157

it crosses with second order axon to medial leminscus

Front 158

anterior spinothalamic tract:

Back 158

function: crude touch, pressure

primary axon: enters CNS and synpses with spinal cord
secondary axon: crosses to contralateral anteror column of white matter
-goes to thalamus
third order axon: ascends from thalamus to parietal lobe (primary somatosensory cortex)

Front 159

where does the axon cross to the other side of the body in the anterior spinothalamic tract?

Back 159

it crosses with secondary axon to anterior column of white matter

Front 160

lateral spinothalamic tract:

Back 160

function: pain and temperature

primary axon: enters CNS and synapses in spinal cord
secondary axon: crosses to contralateral lateral column of white matter
-goes to thalamus
third order axon: ascends from thalamus to parietal lobe (primary somatosensory cortex)

Front 161

homunculus:

Back 161

the parietal lobe of the somatosensory cortex that maps senses

Front 162

where does the axon cross to the other side of the body in the lateral spinothalamic tract?

Back 162

in the second order axon of lateral column of white matter

Front 163

corticospinal pathway:

Back 163

function: controls precise and voluntary movements
part of motorpathway

2 division: lateral corticospinal tract and anterior corticospinal tract

Front 164

lateral corticospinal tract:

Back 164

function: controls skeletal muscles for precise movement

-upper motor neurons from gray matter of precentral gyrus (frontal lobe) and corona radiata
-internal capsule: where axons goes through diencephalon
-cerebral peduncle: where axon goes through midbrain
-pyramid: where axon goes through medulla oblongata
-decussation of pyramids: where axon bundles of primary neuron cross
-lateral corticopsinal tract: where axons (white matter) go down lateral column of spinal cord
- primary neuron synapses with lower motor neurons (sometimes by association (short) interneurons)

Front 165

__#__ of motor neurons typically used in a motor pathway:

Back 165

2

Front 166

anterior corticospinal tract:

Back 166

function: control axial (limbs) muscles

-lateral corticospinal axons go through pyramids but DON'T cross
-anterior corticospinal tract: where anxons (white matter) synapse in spinal cord
-primary neurons synapse with contralateral lower motor neurons (this is where they cross!!)
--sometimes by short association interneurons

Front 167

higher order functions:
-location:
-conscious or unconsious?:

Back 167

Occurs in cerebral cortex
Involves connections to lower centers
Involves conscious and unconsious information
Not part of specific wiring

Front 168

motor areas of cerebral cortex

Back 168

frontal lobes
function: primary motor cortex and association centers (premotor cortex)

Front 169

sensory are of cerebral cortex:

Back 169

parietal lobe: primary somato sensory and association
occipital lobe: visual cortex and association areas
temporal lobe: auditory cortex, auditory association areas, gustatory area (insula), olfactory area

Front 170

parietal lobe:

Back 170

primary somatosensory and association areas

Front 171

occipital lobes:

Back 171

visual cortex and association areas

Front 172

temporal lobes:

Back 172

auditory cortex, auditory association areas, gustatory area (insula), olfactory area

Front 173

prefrontal association cortex:

Back 173

learning reasoning, abstract intellectual functions, temportal relationships, emotional contexts (via links to limbic system)

Front 174

speech center:

Back 174

Boca's area

Front 175

frontal eye fields

Back 175

integrative region in cerebral cortex

Front 176

gnostic area:

Back 176

general interpretive area in cerebral cortex

Front 177

sympathetic division of nerves begin and end:

Back 177

T1-L2

Front 178

Are preganglionic fibers myelinated or unmyelinated?

Back 178

myelinated

Front 179

Are postganglionic fibers myelinated or unmyelinated?

Back 179

unmyelinated

Front 180

sympathetic ganglial tracts:

Back 180

sympathetic chain ganglia, collateral (preaortic) ganglia, and adrenal medulla

Front 181

sympathetic chain ganglia:

Back 181

paired
target organs: visceral effectors in thoracic cavity, head, body wall, limbs

pregangionic axons can go:
-synapse on same level of spinal cord
-ascend/descend in chain

white and gray ramus communicans allow spinal nerve to communicate with ganglion (white=preganglion, gray=postganglion)

Front 182

collateral (preaortic) ganglia:

Back 182

unpaired
target organs: abdominopelvic cavity (goes to unpaired organs: solar plexus, super mesenteric gangion)

pregangionic axons start from T5-L2

there are 4 sympathetic innervation of visceral organs by this gangial path: greater/lesser splanchnic nerve, lumbar/sacral splanchnic nerve

Front 183

greater splanchnic nerve:

Back 183

are constant
synapse in celiac ganglion

supply: upper abdominal organs (liver, stomach, small intestines)

Front 184

celiac ganglion:

Back 184

cluster of cell bodies in PNS that are synapsed by greater splanchnic nerves

Front 185

lesser splanchnic nerve:

Back 185

are constant
synapse in superior mesenteric ganglion

supply: intermediate abdominal organs (small and large intestines)

Front 186

greater mesenteric ganglion:

Back 186

cluster of cell bodies in PNS that are synpased by lesser splanchnic nerves of sympathetic nervous system

Front 187

lumbar splanchnic nerve:

Back 187

are constant
synapse in inferior mesenteric ganglion

supply: large intestine

Front 188

inferior mesenteric ganglion:

Back 188

cluster of cell bodies in PNS that are synapsed by lumbar splanchnic nerves in sympathetic nervous system

Front 189

sacral splanchic nerves:

Back 189

are few and variable
synapse with postganglic neurons in hypogastric plexus

supply: pelvic organs

Front 190

hypogastric plexus:

Back 190

area where sacral splanchnic nerves synapse

Front 191

adrenal medulla as sympathetic ganglia:

Back 191

make sympathetic system like the endocrine system

preganglionic nerves go to adrenal medulla

are innervated by thoracic splanchnic nerves and axons that turned into endocrine cells

has NO parasympathetic innervation

Front 192

parasympathetic division nerves:

Back 192

CN 3, 7, 9, 10 and S2, 3, 4

Front 193

locations of ganglia synapsing with second order axons:

Back 193

ganglia of CN 3: ciliary ganglion
-to intrinsic eye muscles

gangion of CN7: pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia
-to nasal glands, tear glands, salivary glands

ganglia of CN 9: otic ganglion
-to parotid gland

ganglia of CN10 and S2, 3, 4: intramural ganglia
-to visceral organs of neck, thoracic, and abdominal cavities

Front 194

ganglia of CN 3:

Back 194

ciliary ganglion
-to intrinsic eye muscles

Front 195

gangion of CN7:

Back 195

pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglia
-to nasal glands, tear glands, salivary glands

Front 196

ganglia of CN 9:

Back 196

otic ganglion
-to parotid gland

Front 197

ganglia of CN10 and S2, 3, 4:

Back 197

intramural ganglia
-to visceral organs of neck, thoracic, and abdominal cavities