Anat Lectures 5 And 6

Front 1

What is a joint?

Back 1

A point of contact between neighbouring bones, between bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth

Front 2

What are the classification of joints?

Back 2

1. Fibrous joints

2. Cartilaginous joints

3. Synovial joints

Front 3

What is a ligament?

Back 3

Dense irregular or dense regular connective tissue structures that bind one bone to another

Front 4

What are the 2 types of fibrous joints?

Back 4

1. Suture

2. Sydesmoses

Front 5

What are sutures?

Back 5

Dense irregular connective tissue

Immovable to slightly movable

Only between neighbouring skull bones

Front 6

What are syndesmoses?

Back 6

More dense irregular connective tissue than a suture

Limited movement

Front 7

What are the 3 subtypes of syndesmoses?

Back 7

Interosseous ligaments

Interosseous membranes

Gomphosis

Front 8

What are cartilaginous joints?

Back 8

Articulating bones are tightly connected by cartilage

Little to no movement

Front 9

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

Back 9

1. Synchondroses

2. Symphyses

Front 10

What are synchondroses?

Back 10

Connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage

Slightly movable to immovable

Only rib 1

Front 11

What are symphyses?

Back 11

Ends of bones are covered by hyalin cartilage

Connecting tissue is a fibrocartilage disc

Slightly movable

Occur in the midline of the body

Front 12

What are synovial joints?

Back 12

Articular cavity surrounded by connective tissue articular capsule connecting 2 articulating bones

Contains lubricating synovial fluid

Slightly movable to highly movable

Front 13

What are the characteristics of synovial joints?

Back 13

1. Articular cartilage - specialized hyaline cartilage covering ends of bones

2. Articular capsule - Sleeve-like protection enclosing capsule and uniting bone ends, 2 layers: outer fibrous and inner synovial membrane's

3. Synovial fluid - Viscous lubricating fluid secreted by synovial membrane, reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

4. Other potential contents - Articular fat pads, accessory ligaments, articular menisci, labrum

5. Rich blood and nerve supply

Front 14

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

Back 14

1. Plane

2. Hinge

3. Pivot

4. Ellipsoid

5. Saddle

6. Ball-and-socket

Front 15

Plane synovial joint

Back 15

Articulating surfaces are flat of slightly curved

Example: intercarpal and intertarsal

Front 16

Hinge synovial joint

Back 16

Convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another

Rotation

Examples: elbow, ankle, knee

Front 17

Pivot synovial joint

Back 17

Rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulating within a ring formed partly by another bone or ligament

Examples: Radioulnar

Front 18

Ellipsoid synovial joint

Back 18

Oval condyle of one bone fits into the oval depression of another bone

Examples: Radiocarpal

Front 19

Saddle synovial joint

Back 19

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the "saddle"

Examples: Sternoclavicular

Front 20

Ball-and-socket synovial joint

Back 20

Ball-like surface of one bone fits into ta cup-like depression of another

Freely mobile ( extension, abduction, circumduction)

Examples: Hip, shoulder

Front 21

What are the movement-associated joint groups?

Back 21

1. Synarthrosis: immovable

2. Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable

3. Diarthrosis: Freely movable

Front 22

What is gliding?

Back 22

Articulating surfaces slide across each other

NO angle change between the bones

Front 23

What is angular?

Back 23

A change in the angle between articulating bones

Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, Circumduction

Front 24

What is rotation?

Back 24

A bone turns around its own longitudinal axis

Medial (internal) and lateral (external) rotation

Front 25

What are special movements?

Back 25

Only occur at certain joints

Front 26

What are types of special movements?

Back 26

Elevation and depression

Protraction and retraction

Inversion and eversion

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Supination and pronation

Opposition

Front 27

What is the skeletal system?

Back 27

Made up of entire framework of bones

Associated cartilage

Front 28

What is the function of the skeletal system?

Back 28

Protection

Support

Assistance in movement

Mineral storage and release

Blood cell production

Triglyceride storage

Front 29

What are the types of bones?

Back 29

1. Long bone

2. Flat bone

3. Short bone

4. Irregular bone

5. Seasamoid bone

Front 30

Flat bones

Back 30

Thin

2 layers of compact bone enclose 1 layer of spongy bone

Example: skull, sternum, ribs

Front 31

Irregular bones

Back 31

Complex shape

Contain spongy and compact bones

Example: vertebrea, facial bones, calcaneus

Front 32

Seasamoid bones

Back 32

Small bone embdeded in tendons

Example: patella

Front 33

Short bones

Back 33

Cube-shaped

Contain spongy bone

Outside surface is a thin layer of compact bone

Example: carpal and tarsal bones

Front 34

Long bones

Back 34

Greater lengths than width

Slightly curved for strength

Mostly compact bone

Example: humerus, ulna and radius, metacarpals

Front 35

What is the structure of a typical long bone?

Back 35

Epiphysis (proximal and distal ends)

Metaphysis

Diaphysis (shaft)

Endosteum (within the bone)

Periosteum (around)

Front 36

What is extracellular matrix?

Back 36

Water

Collagen fibers

Crystallized mineral salts

Front 37

What are the types of cells in bone tissue?

Back 37

1. Osteoprogenitor cells

2. Osteoblasts (build)

3. Osteocytes

4. Osteoclasts (carve out)

Front 38

Structure of compact bone tissue

Back 38

Osteons

Interstitial bone lamaellae

Circumferential bone lamellae

Front 39

What is spongy bone tissue

Back 39

Always located in the interior of a bone

Spaces filled with red or yellow bone marrow

Does not contain osteons

Front 40

How do bones form?

Back 40

Ossification

Mesenchymal cells

Front 41

What are the 2 methods of ossification?

Back 41

Intramembranous (flat bones)

Endochondral (long bones)

Front 42

What is intramembranous ossification?

Back 42

1. Ossification centre development

2. Calcification

3. Bone trabecular formation

4. Periosteum development

Front 43

What is endochondral ossification?

Back 43

1. Cartilage model - hyaline cartilage

2. Growth of the cartilage model - interstitial growth vs. appositional growth

3. Primary ossification centre - proceeds inwards

4. Medullary cavity development

5. Seconday ossification centre - proceeds outwards

6. Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate formation

Front 44

How do bone grow in length?

Back 44

Interstitial growth: Forms cartilage on the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

Endochondral ossification: Replaces cartilage with bone on the diaphyseal side

Front 45

How do bones grow in width?

Back 45

Only by appositional growth

Bone deposited by osteoblasts

Bone reabsorbed by osteoclasts

Front 46

How do bones remodel?

Back 46

ECM formation + breakdown = remodelling

Bone deposition - osteoblasts

Bone resorption - osteoclasts

Front 47

What is an osteon?

Back 47

Basic building block and fundamental functional unit of compact bone