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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the three classes of joints?
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synovial
fibrous cartilaginous |
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what distinguishes synovial joints?
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articulating bones united by a joint capsule lined by a serous synovial membrane which secretes lubricating syovial fluid
articular cartilage covers articulating surface of bones, all other surfaces covered by synovium |
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what distinguishes fibrous joints?
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eg sutures of cranium
joints united by fibrous tissue |
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what determines the amount of movement at a fibrous joint?
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the length of the fibers uniting the articulating bones
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what is a syndesmosis?
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eg interosseus membrane in forearm
sheet of tissue (ligament/fibrous membrane) uniting the bones allowing partial movement |
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what is a gomphosis?
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a dentoalveolar syndesmosis
peg like process fits into socked microscopic mobility gives info via proprioception about how hard we are biting, whether a particle is stuck between teeth etc |
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what is the most common type of joint?
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synovial
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what are cartilaginous joints?
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articulating structures united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
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what are symphyses?
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secondary cartilaginous joints - strong, slightly movable joints united by fibrous cartilage
eg intervertebral discs |
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what are accessory ligaments in synovial joints?
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separate (extrinsic) or are a thickening of the joint capsule (intrinsic) which reinforce the joint
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how do we classify synovial joints?
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according to shape of articulating surfaces & type of movement they permit
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what are the 6 types of synovial joints with examples?
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pivot eg atlantoaxial
ball & socket eg hip plane eg acromioclavicular hinge eg elvow saddle eg thumb carpometacarpal condyloid eg metocarpophalangeal |
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what is hilton's law?
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the nerves supply a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint & the skin covering their distal attachments
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what are the 3 main types of cartilage?
how do their main constituents differ? |
hyaline - type II collagen & proteoglycan
fibrous - type I collagen elastic - elastin |
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give examples of the 3 main types of cartilage
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elastin - pinna of ear, epiglottis
hyaline - smooth articular surface of joints, larynx, between ribs & sternum fibrous - areas subject to frequent stress- intervertebral discs, symphisis pubis |
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what is the nature of the nerve supply of joints?
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richly innervated to provide good proprioceptive info
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what is an aponeurosis?
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flat sheet of tendon
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why are peripheral and spinal nerve distribution different?
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they are the same in most of the trunk where there is no plexus formation
the nerves of one segmental dermatome reach their segment by multisegmented peripheral nerves arising from plexuses |
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what's the mnemonic for dermatomes of the lower leg?
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you stand on S1, you sit on S3
the first three lumbars go down to the knee L4 on the inside, L5 on the out S3 on the bits you shake all about (S1 sole of foot, S3 bottom & perineum, L1 top of thigh, L2 thigh L3 knee, L4 inner aspect of shin, L5 outer aspect) nb S2 is back of the thigh |
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what's the mnemonic to remember myotomes of the upper arm?
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chicken - C4
pull (biceps flexion) - C5,6 push (triceps extension)- C7 grab (finger flexion) C8 spread (finger abduction) T1 ulnar lift & pinch - median |
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what are the spinal nerves for the reflexes?
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ankle - S1/S2
knee - L3/4 supinator & biceps - C5,6 triceps C7 |
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what spinal nerve segment supplies the ulnar small muscles of the hand? radial?
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all T1
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what are key dermatomes of upper limb?
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C5 over deltoid
(c6 thumb) c7 up yours finger t2 axilla |
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what makes up the autonomic nervous system?
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motor fibres that stimulate
smooth (involuntary) muscle cardiac - stimulating & conducting tissue glands & conduct visceral pain impulses |
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what are the 2 divisions of the ANS?
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sympathetic (thoracolumbar)
parasympathetic (craniosacral) |
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how does ANS neuron arrangement differ from the sensory/somatic motor innervations differ?
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ANS has a pre and post ganglionic (pre and post synaptic) neuron
vs single neuron in sensory/somatic |
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where are the nerve cell bodies of the preganglionic vs postganglionic neurons?
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preganglionic - in CNS grey matter
postganglionic - outside CNS in autonomic ganglia fibres terminate on effector organ |
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what distinguishes PNS from SNS?
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1. location of presynaptic cell bodies
2. which nerves conduct presynaptic fibers from CNS |
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what is the pharmacological distinction between PNS & SNS?
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postganglionic neurons liberate different neurotransmitters:
SNS - NAd (except sweat glands) PNS - ACh |
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why is the SNS aka thoracolumbar?
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cell bodies are found only in the nuclei (intermediolateral cell columns) of the spinal cord in the upper thoracic & lumbar gray matter
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what is the somatotrophic organization of the intermediolateral cell columns?
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arranged like the body ie cell bodies assoc w head innervation more superior to those of the trunk which are more superior to those of the pelvis
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what & where are the 2 ganglia of the SNS?
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where cell bodies of postsynaptic neurons are located:
paravertebral - extend down the length of the spinal column prevertebral - surround the main branches of the abdo aorta eg coeliac trunk has 2 coeliac ganglia |
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where do axons leave the spinal cord & why?
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through anterior roots
because they are motor |
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outline the passage of an axon of a presynaptic neuron?
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exit spinal cord through anterior root
enter anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-L2/3 pass to sympathetic trunks via white rami communicantes then either join a paravertebral ganglion (can go higher, lower or stay at same level) or pass through sympathetic trunk without synapsing join splanchnic nerve to reach the paravertebral ganglia |
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how would the passage of a presynaptic autonomic fiber innervating the head, neck, limbs, chest wall differ from one innervating viscera
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presynaptic SNS fibers innervating head/neck/limbs/chest wall/thoracic cavity synapse in a paravertebral ganglia
vs those innervating abdo viscera synapse in a prevertebral ganglia |
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are there more pre or post ganglionic fibers?
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about 30 times more post vs pre
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when would a presynaptic nerve ascend before synapsing in the paravertebral ganglia?
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when it is innervating something superior to the intermediolateral cell body involved ie head & neck, upper limb
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where do presynaptic sympathetic fibres of the abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves synapse?
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prevertebral ganglia
except those that innervate the adrenals |
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how is the innervation of the adrenal gland special?
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preganglionic nerve synapses directly onto it which then releases NAd/adrenaline directly into the circulation
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why are the presynaptic fibres of the SNS short while the postsynaptic fibres are long?
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because the paravertebral & prevertebral ganglia are so close to the spinal cord, but the postsynaptic fibres must stretch out to innervate the whole body
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why is the PNS also called the craniosacral division?
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because there are only 2 sites (cranial nerves & sacral segments of spinal cord) where presynaptic nerve cell bodies are located
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what dominates parasympathetic innervation of abdominal viscera?
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vagus nerve
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what GI structures does the sacral part of the PNS supply?
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descending colon, sigmoid & rectum only
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which sympathetic nervous system is energy conserving & which is energy expanding?
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parasympathetic - energy conserving
sympathetic - energy expanding |
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what is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?
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regulate blood vessels
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what is a ganglia?
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a collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
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outline the course of nerves from the spinal cord out
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motor fibres arise from the anterior horn exit the CNS by passing through the meninges and forming a mixed spinal nerve w incoming sensory fibres. the mixed spinal nerve splits off almost immediately into a anterior & posterior primary ramus which go on to supply skin, muscles etc at the front & back respectively
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how are posterior rami generally organised?
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supply vertebral synovial joints, deep muscles of back & overlying skin in segmental patter
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which nerve fibres tend to form plexuses?
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the anterior rami that innervate the limbs
posterior rami & anterior rami supplying the trunk DO NOT tend to form a plexus |
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what would happen if we didn't have a lymphatic system?
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overwhelming oedema
due to stuff leaking into or stuck in extracellular spaces that can't pass through capillary walls |
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what are the 2 ultimate destinations for the body's lymphatic drainage?
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R lymphatic duct for R upper quadrant
thoracic duct for rest of body |
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what is the cisterna chyli?
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a dilated sac where the two lymphatic trunks draining the lower half of the body merge
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where does the R lymphatic duct drain?
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at the root of the neck, into the junction of R IJ & R subclavian vein
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where does the thoracic duct drain?
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junction of L IJ & L subclavian vein
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what is lymphangitis vs lymphadenitis?
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lymphangitis - secondary inflammation of lymphatic vessels
lymphadenitis - secondary inflammation of lymph nodes |
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what are the layer of a circulatory system vesel?
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tunica intima (ENDothelium)
tunica media (smooth muscle) tunica adventitia (connective tissue) |
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which of the 3 layers does a capillary have?
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tunica intima only
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which is the most variable layer of a circulatory vessel?
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tunica media which changes in thickness depending on what kind of vessel it's in
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