Anat Exam Iii

Front 1

where are the cells bodies of the facial sensory nerve

Back 1

geniculate ganglion

Front 2

where is the point of origin of the sensory facial nerve

Back 2

taste receptors on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Front 3

where is the desination of the sensory facial nerves

Back 3

sensory nuclei of pons

Front 4

what is the primary function of the sensory facial nerve

Back 4

taste from the anterior tongue

Front 5

somatic motor facial nerve

Back 5

nuclei of pons to muscles of facial expression

Front 6

where is the point of origin and destinationof the visceral motor facial nerve

Back 6

nuclei of pons to innervate

Front 7

where is the point of origin and desination of thvisceral motor facial nerve

Back 7

the lacrimal gland and nasal mucous glands via the sphenopalatine ganglion... submandibular and sublingual glands via submandibular gangion

Front 8

whatare the primary functions of the facial nerve

Back 8

sensory from tongue, motor to muscles of facial expression. auonomic motor function to tear, nasal, and salivary glands

Front 9

what is the loss of funciton by VII on one side of the face

Back 9

bell's palsy virus during pregnancy

Front 10

what are the branches from the stylomastoid foramen
Two zebras bit my cock painfully

Back 10

temporal
zygomatic
buccal
madnibular
cervical
posterior auricular

Front 11

what nerve arises from receptors in the cochlea that monitor mechanical disturbances from sound wave

Back 11

sensory of the vestibulocochlear nerve VIII

Front 12

where are the cell bodies of the sensory vestibulocochlear nerve

Back 12

peripheral ganglion

Front 13

what nerve arises from receptors within the vestibuel and semicircular canals and the neurons are located in an adjacent ganglion

Back 13

sensory of the vestibulocochlear nerved VIII

Front 14

what si the destination of the sensory vestibulocochlear nerve

Back 14

axons pass on to the vestibular and cochlear nuclei of the pons and medulla

Front 15

primary funciton of the vestibulocochlear nerve

Back 15

special sensory associated with hearing and balance

Front 16

sensory portion arsies from poster 1/3 of tongue pharynx palate and carotd sinus receptors with sensory neurons in the superior and inferior ganglia and travel on to the medulla

Back 16

sensory glossopharyngeal IX

Front 17

somatic motor from the medulla control pharyngeal msucles involved in swallowing

Back 17

somatic motor of glossopharyngeal IX

Front 18

motor impulses from medulla innervate the parotid salivary gland after synapsing in the optic ganglion

Back 18

autonomic motor glossopharyngeal IX

Front 19

what is the primary function of gloossopharyngeal

Back 19

sensory from tongue palate and carotid arteries; somatic innervation fro swallowing and visceral innervation to the partotid gland

Front 20

what is the mother of nerves

Back 20

vagus

Front 21

from part of the pharynx pinna of ear and external auditory canal diaphragm and visceral organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. sensory neurons are located in the hjugular ganglion and the nodose ganglion and synapse in the medulla

Back 21

sensory of the vagus X

Front 22

msucles of the pharnx for swallowing nad larynx for vocalization

Back 22

somatic motor of the vagus

Front 23

motor impulses from medulla proceed to visceral organs as far as the distal colon

Back 23

autonomic motor vagus

Front 24

bulbar root arises within medulla, passes through jugular foramen with the vagus nerv,e and innervates the skeletal msucles of the soft palate, pharyx and larynx

Back 24

motor accessory XI

Front 25

spinal root arises fromthe first 5 segments of the spinal cord, passes through the foramen magnum where it joins with the bulbar root and passes through the jugular foramen and it innervates the sternocleidomastoid andtrapezius muscles

Back 25

accessory XI

Front 26

primary funciton is motor to pharyx laryx and neck muscles

Back 26

acessory XI

Front 27

origin and destination of hypoglossal XII

Back 27

arise from the medulla and innervate the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Front 28

how many pairs of spinal nerves

Back 28

31

Front 29

how do you name cervial nerves

Back 29

vertebrae that FOLLOWS it

Front 30

how do you name thoracic

Back 30

vertebrae that PRECEEDS it

Front 31

each segment of the peripheral nerves has what kind of roots

Back 31

dorsal and vventral

Front 32

where are the posterior dorsal roots enlarge from

Back 32

where the cells bodies of the primary sensory neurons are located: the spinal ganglion or dorsal root ganglion

Front 33

the dorsal and vetnral roots will merge together to form a

Back 33

short spinal nerve as teh fibers pass through the intervertebral forarmen

Front 34

when does a spinal nerve divide into several brahcnes

Back 34

immediately after it emerges through intervebral formaen

Front 35

after emerging from the intervertebral foramen, the spinal nerve immdediately forms several branches called

Back 35

rami

Front 36

the dorsal ramus of each spinal nerve provies snesory information fromand motor innervation to a ____

Back 36

specific region of the back

Front 37

the ventral ramus of each spinal nerve supplies the relatively large ventrolateral body surface... structures of the ____ and ___

Back 37

structurs in the body wsalls and limbs

Front 38

this ramus comes off the common trunk distal to the merger of the dorsal and ventral rami and immediately reenters the spinal colmn to innervate the meminges and vertebrae and vertebral ligaments

Back 38

meningeal ramus U turn ramus

Front 39

two bracnches from each spianl nerve that connect to a sympathetic trank ganglion which is part of the ANS

Back 39

rami communicantes

Front 40

has myelinated fibers and are preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers

Back 40

white ramus of rami communicantes

Front 41

has unmyelinated fibers are postgangionlic sympathetic nerve fibers

Back 41

gray ramus of rami communicatnes

Front 42

plexus are not where

Back 42

T2-T12

Front 43

the ventral rami of adjacent spinal nerves combine then split again as networks of nerve fibers referred to as

Back 43

nerve plexuses

Front 44

what plexus innervates the msucles of the neck and extend into the throacic cavity to control the diaphramgmatic muscles

Back 44

cervical plexus

Front 45

composed of muscular and cutaneous branches in the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1 to four and fibers from C5

Back 45

cervical plexus

Front 46

what are the fous major branches of the cervical plexus

Back 46

cutaneous
phrenic
ansa
prevertebral

Front 47

what are the four branches of the cutaneous cervial plexus

Back 47

lesser occipital
great auricular
transverse cervical
supraclavicular

Front 48

skin of scapl above and behind ear

Back 48

lesser occiptial of cutaneous of cervical plexus

Front 49

skin in front of aboe and below ear

Back 49

great auricular cuatneous cervical plexus

Front 50

skin of anterior aspect of neck

Back 50

transverse cervical cutaneous cervical plexus

Front 51

skin of upper portion of chest and shoulder

Back 51

supraclavicular cervical plexus

Front 52

innervates the diaphragm MAJOR nerve of the cervical plexus

Back 52

phtrenic nerve cervical plexus C3-C5

Front 53

combinatio nof fibers from the cervical plexus and part of XII and innervates extrinsic laryngeal msuscles

Back 53

ansa cervicalis cervical plexus

Front 54

depp msucles of neck levator scapulae trapezius calenus and sternocelidomastoid

Back 54

prevertebral cervical plexus

Front 55

larger and more complex plexus innervates the entire upper extremity of one side as well as some shoulder and neck muscles

Back 55

brachial plexus

Front 56

root contributors from C5-T1

Back 56

brachial plexus

Front 57

Real texans drink coors beer

Back 57

roots
trunks
divisions
cords
branches

Front 58

how many
roots
trunks
divisions
cords
branches

Back 58

C5-T1 roots
3 trunks
2 divisions
3 cords
5 branches

Front 59

what are the 5 major nerves of the brachial plexus

Back 59

axillary
radial
musculocutaneous
median
ulnar
NERVES

Front 60

deltoid and terems minor msucles skin of shoulder nerve

Back 60

axillary of brachial plexus

Front 61

extensor muscles on the arm and forearm the supinator and 2 msucles that flex the elbow joint; skin over the posterolateral surface of the arm

Back 61

radial nerve of brachial plexus

Front 62

flexor muscles of arm biceps brachii and brachialis skin over lateral surfaceof forearm

Back 62

musculocutaneous nerve of brachial plexus

Front 63

pronators digital flexosrs skin over lateral surface of palm

Back 63

median nerve of bracial plexus

Front 64

flexor muscle on forearm flexor carpi ulnaris, skin over lateral surface of forearm

Back 64

ulnar nerve of brachial plexus

Front 65

this plexus innervates lower abdomen and anterior and medial portions of the lower extremity

Back 65

lumbar plexus

Front 66

what L and T compose the lumbar plexus

Back 66

L1-4 and some from T12 only has roots and division

Front 67

what are the major branches of the lumbar plexus

Back 67

femoral nerve
obturator nerve

Front 68

anterior msucles o thigh skin over anterolateral thigh and medial leg and foot

Back 68

femoral nerve of lumbar plexusw

Front 69

adductor msucles of thigh skin over medial thigh

Back 69

obturator nerve of lumbar plexus

Front 70

this plexus innervates the lwoer back, pelvis, perineum, posterior surface of the thigh and leg, dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot

Back 70

sacral plexus

Front 71

what L and
S make up the sacral plexus

Back 71

L4-S4 the roots form anterior and posterior divisions

Front 72

what are the three major branches of the sacral plexus

Back 72

superior gluteal
inferior gluteal
sciatic

Front 73

abductor muscles of thigh gluteus minimus and medius

Back 73

superior gluteal branch of sacral plexus

Front 74

extensor muscle of hip gluteus maximus

Back 74

inferior gluteal branch of sacral plexus

Front 75

innervates semimembranosus semitendinosus and beiceps femoris and splits into tibial and common peroneal or common fibular and is the largest of the sacral

Back 75

scietic branch of sacral plexus

Front 76

skin and muscles of perineum and external genitalia

Back 76

pudendal branch of sacral plexusw

Front 77

flexors of knee and plantar flexors of ankle skin ove rposterior surface of leg plantar surface of foot

Back 77

tibial scieatiuc of sacral plexus

Front 78

fibular or common peroneal; peroneal msucles, toe extensors, skin over anterior surface of leg and dorsal surface of foot

Back 78

sciiatic fibular or common peroneal of sacral plexus

Front 79

is a root exclusive?

Back 79

yes either sensory OR motor NOT mixed

Front 80

is a ramus exclusive?

Back 80

NO can be mixed

Front 81

what makes up a somatic reflex?

Back 81

sensory neuron
interneuron
motor neuron
neurotrans

Front 82

wha are the functions of the somatic motor system

Back 82

stretch reflex
flexor or withdrawal reflex
crossed extensor reflex

Front 83

extend from the CNS and exert direct control over the effectos

Back 83

somatic lower motor neurons

Front 84

have cell bodies that are located outside the CNS in autonomic ganglia

Back 84

preganglionic

Front 85

what are the axons of preganglionic

Back 85

postganglionic

Front 86

all preganglion sympathetic fibers originate in the ventral roots of the spinal segments T1-L2 their cell bodies are located in the lateral gray horns at these levels

Back 86

thoracolumbar division

Front 87

sympathetic have relation ___ preganglion fibers

Back 87

long

Front 88

all preganglionic fibers originate in the brainstem or thesacral part of the spinal cord

Back 88

craniosacral divison (parasymp)

Front 89

the ventral and dorsal roots of each spinal segment combine to form a ___

Back 89

spinal nerve as it passes through the intervertebral foramen

Front 90

cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral gray horns between T_ and L_

Back 90

1 and 2

Front 91

where do the axons of preganglionic neurons enter?

Back 91

ventral roots at these segments and become part of the psinal nerve

Front 92

as it clears the foramen... branches from the spinal nerve carrying a sympathetic preganglionic fiber

Back 92

a white ramus comunicans

Front 93

once the appropriate ganglion ... the preganglionic fibers ____ with the postganglionic neurons

Back 93

will synapse

Front 94

how many ganglionic neurons can a preganglionic fiber synpase

Back 94

up to 32

Front 95

are postganglionic fibers myelinated?

Back 95

NO

Front 96

what three things can a sympathetic chcanin gnaglia do?

Back 96

synapse
ascend descend
pass through

Front 97

can __ within the ganglion at the level of entry

Back 97

synapse

Front 98

can ___ within the sympathetic chain and synapse with a glanglia at a different level

Back 98

ascend descend

Front 99

can ___ the sympathetic chain and proceed to one of the collateral ganglia or the adrenal medullae

Back 99

pass through

Front 100

serve head, extremities, body wall thoracic viscera

Back 100

postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic chain ganglia

Front 101

ALL preganglionic fibers will enter this galgnion but not all of them will ___ here

Back 101

synapse

Front 102

the sympathetic chain has ganglia that extends from the __ to __ region

Back 102

cerical to coccygeal reions

Front 103

postganglionic fibers from the sympathetic chanin ganglia return to EVERY peripheral nerves as....

Back 103

gray ramus communicans

Front 104

functions of the blood

Back 104

transport
regulation
protection

Front 105

what are the respiratory items transported by blood

Back 105

erythrocytes red blood cells carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 106

nutrients supplied by the digestive system are absobed by thte blood and lymph. The products are then carried through the liver to the body cells

Back 106

nutritive transport of the blood

Front 107

what metaolic wastes are transported by bloods

Back 107

to elimination sites lungs kidneys liver

Front 108

where are waste products transported to by the blood

Back 108

lungs kidneys liver

Front 109

how does blood regulate body temp

Back 109

absorbs and distributes heat throughout the body

Front 110

**

Back 110

blood maintains adequate fluid and electrolyte volume

Front 111

blood protects against microbes and toxins with WBC (leukocytes) complement and antibodies

Back 111

how blood protects against infection

Front 112

how does blood prevent blood loss

Back 112

protects against blood loss with clotting factors and platelets

Front 113

pH of blood

Back 113

slightly basic 7.35-7.45

Front 114

temp of blood

Back 114

38 degrees C or 100.4 degrees F

Front 115

what % of body weight is blood

Back 115

8

Front 116

how many liters of blood in a adult female? male

Back 116

4.5 L 5-6 L

Front 117

what is a unit of blood?

Back 117

1/2 liter

Front 118

what color is oxygen rich blood?

Back 118

scarlet

Front 119

what color is oxygen poor blood?

Back 119

dark red

Front 120

what is RBC formation called?

Back 120

erythropoiesis occurs primarily in humerus femur ribs sternum pelvis and portions of the skull

Front 121

how many RBS are produced per second

Back 121

2.5 million

Front 122

name the 3 granulocytes

Back 122

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Front 123

what are the granulocytes do?

Back 123

develop in bone marrow which stores 10-20 times more than are in the blood

Front 124

the lymphocytes and monocytes, develop in marrow and migrate to lymphoid tissue- the tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, appendix, and thymus where further differentiation occurs

Back 124

agranulocytes

Front 125

ratio fo fomed blood element volume (cells and platelets_ to the total blood volume, expressed as a percent

Back 125

hematocrit

Front 126

what is the hematocrit of females? males?

Back 126

37-48% 42-54%

Front 127

what do erythrocytes look like and why?

Back 127

biconcanve discs that have lost their nuclei and mitochondria... liver and psleen destory them... increase surface area to exchange O2 and CO2

Front 128

how many RBS in female and male cubic mL of blood

Back 128

4.3-5.2 and 5.1-5.8 million RBC

Front 129

fragments of cells, megakaryocytes. capable of ameboid movment. consitute the major portion of blood clot mass. 130,000-360,000

Back 129

platelets

Front 130

white blood cells. cubic ml contains 5,000-10,000 WBS.

Back 130

leukocytes includes GRANULOCYTES

Front 131

granules stain red with eosin. increase in number in response to parasitic infections

Back 131

eosinophils-- increased in presence of parasite

Front 132

have base loving granules. stain blue with hematoxylin contain histamine

Back 132

basophils -- there for allergies

Front 133

most common. first to response to inflammatory stimuli accounting for 54%-62% of WBC. phagocytize foreign material

Back 133

neutrophils

Front 134

lymphocytes, antibodies, cytotoxic t and helper t and killer cells are all....

Back 134

agranulocytes

Front 135

2nd most numerous WBC. some circulate. some are in lymph tissue

Back 135

lymphocytes

Front 136

what are the types of lymphocytes

Back 136

b cells
t cells
suppressor cells

Front 137

what produce antibodies

Back 137

b cells lyphocytes agranulocytes

Front 138

CD8+ cells that must be activated to become cytotoxic

Back 138

seletive assassins good for cancer cells... are helper T cells lymphocytes that are agranulocyes

Front 139

destroy cells that lack normal receptors. overlap with cytotoxic T cells

Back 139

natural killer cells are lymphocytes

Front 140

what percent of blood is the plasma or matrix portion of the blood

Back 140

55%

Front 141

most abundant and smallest of proteins. account for 60 % produced by the liver and give the blood the viscosity needed to maintain bloodd volume and pressure

Back 141

albumins of the plasma ( contains blood volume)

Front 142

what three things make up the plasma

Back 142

albumins
globulins
fibrinogens

Front 143

what are the two types of globulins of proteins of plasma of blood

Back 143

alpha globulins beta globulins and gamma globulins

Front 144

are synthesized by the liver and assist in transporting lipids, including fat soluble vitamins ADE and K

Back 144

alpha and beta globulins

Front 145

are produced by B cells ... they are the antibodies

Back 145

gamma globulins of globulins of proteins of plasma

Front 146

large proteins that play a role in clotting, the liver produces them

Back 146

fibrinogens

Front 147

what is it called when fibrinogen is removed from plasma

Back 147

serum

Front 148

what are the other components of blood

Back 148

water inorganic salts, carbs, lipids, amino acids, hormones, and vitamins

Front 149

how much the heart weigh? in females? males?

Back 149

250 grams, 300 grams

Front 150

what perc dent of the weight is the mitochondria?

Back 150

25%

Front 151

what is another name for the "receiving chambers?"

Back 151

atria

Front 152

where does right atria reeceive blood from

Back 152

body and pumps into the right ventricle

Front 153

hwere does left atria receive blood from

Back 153

lungs (pulma) and pumps in left ventricles

Front 154

where does right ventreicles pump to

Back 154

lungs for gas exchange

Front 155

where does left ventricle pump blood to

Back 155

throughout body

Front 156

what is the smallest chamber of heart

Back 156

right atria

Front 157

what is the largest ventricles of the heart

Back 157

left ventricle

Front 158

when one says that atria is small and ventricles is largest is it by muscle or volume

Back 158

muscle the volume must remain constaint or congestive heart failure

Front 159

what separates the atria from the ventricles

Back 159

atriovewntricular

Front 160

passively are the AV valves open or closed

Back 160

open, but close when ventricular pressur is greater than atrial pressure

Front 161

tri or bi on tghe right side

Back 161

AV is tri on right side

Front 162

what is another name for bicuspid

Back 162

mitral

Front 163

what separates t\he great arteries from the ventricles

Back 163

semilunar valves

Front 164

passively are the semilunar valves open o or closed?

Back 164

closed but open when the ventricular pressure is greaeter than the arterial pressure

Front 165

separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk

Back 165

`pulmonary valve

Front 166

separates the left ventricle from the aorta

Back 166

`aortic

Front 167

blood pumped from right side4 of heart, oxygenated, and returned to left atrium

Back 167

pulmonary circuit

Front 168

blood pumped from left side of heart and returned to right atrium, deoxygenatid

Back 168

systemic

Front 169

chamber is relaxed

Back 169

diastole

Front 170

chamber is contracted

Back 170

systole

Front 171

loose fitting dense irregular CT that encloses and protects the heart

Back 171

fibrous pericardium

Front 172

what is the function of the fibrous pericardium

Back 172

protects the heart
anchors it to surrounding strcures such as the diaphragm and great vessels
prevents overfilling of the heart with blood

Front 173

serous pericardium what are the layers

Back 173

parietal and visceral layer

Front 174

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium it is thin slippery serous membrane.

Back 174

parietal layers of the serous pericardium

Front 175

at the superior merginof the heart, the parietal layers attachs to

Back 175

the large arteries and turns inferiourly over the extgernal surface of the heart as the visceral layers

Front 176

continuous with the parietal pericardium, the twoo layers of the serous pericardium allow the heart to beat in a near frictionless environemtn

Back 176

visceral layyer

Front 177

what is the lub when closed

Back 177

AV valve

Front 178

what is the dub when closed

Back 178

semilunar valves

Front 179

slit like space between the 2 layers of the serous pericardium. contains a film of serous fluid

Back 179

pericardial space or cavity

Front 180

an inflammation of th pericardium which decrease poduction fo the serous fluid and roughens the membrane. can be seen as the result of chest infections like pneumonia or in autoimnybe diseases lik systemis lupus

Back 180

pericarditis

Front 181

do arters pusate

Back 181

NO

Front 182

what are the three pat os the heart wall

Back 182

epicardium
myocargium
endocardium

Front 183

same as the visceral pericardium

Back 183

epicardium

Front 184

infiltratred with fat especially in older people

Back 184

depicardium

Front 185

forms the great bulk of the heart (99%) consists of multiple interlocking layers of cardiac muscle tissue with associated CT blood vessels and nervers

Back 185

myocardium

Front 186

the CT fibers form a dense network called the

Back 186

fibrous skeleton of the heart

Front 187

acts as both a tendon and muscle insertion

Back 187

fibrous skeleton of the heart of the myocardium of the hearrt wall

Front 188

**

Back 188

the myocardium is much thinner in the atria than the ventircles and the right chambers are thinner than the corresponding left chambers

Front 189

the inner surfaces of the heart, including the valves are covered by simple squamous epithelium which is conn tinuous with the endothlium of blood vessls

Back 189

qendocardium-- if scratched with yield a clot

Front 190

another name for cardiac muscle cells

Back 190

ccardiocytes

Front 191

are cardiac muscle cells larger or smlaler than dkeletal muscle

Back 191

smaller

Front 192

what type of respiration are cardiocytes of the myocardium completely dependent on

Back 192

aerobi respiration

Front 193

what attaches cardiocytes to their neighbors

Back 193

intercalated discs

Front 194

what kinds of junction sare in the intercalated discs

Back 194

desmosomes
gap junctions
site of attachment of myofibrils within each cell

Front 195

each atrium has a protruding appendage called

Back 195

auricles which increase the atrial volume

Front 196

the walls of the atria are smooth as if they had been combed with is why they are called

Back 196

pectinate which means combed muscles

Front 197

a shallow depression in the interarial septum

Back 197

fossa ovalis

Front 198

where does the right atrium receive blood from

Back 198

systemic blood from superior and inferior vena cava
venous blood from the myocardium returns in the coronary sinus

Front 199

where does the left atria receive blood from

Back 199

four pulmonary veins

Front 200

what makes up most of the mass of the heart

Back 200

ventricles

Front 201

what ar the irregulr ridges of the heart called

Back 201

trabeculae carvaea (crossbars of flesh) of the ventricles

Front 202

atria are separated by tht ethin but nmuscular interatrial septum

Back 202

has to do with septae of the ventricles

Front 203

what are the ventricles separated by

Back 203

thick muscular interventricylar septum

Front 204

the most prominent groove on the myocardium

Back 204

coronary sulcus division between the atria and ventrices

Front 205

partition between the rifght and left ventricles is reflected on the surfae of the myocardium

Back 205

interventricular sulci anterior and posterior

Front 206

what is the main function of the valves of the heart

Back 206

prevent backflow

Front 207

`cone shaped muscles that support the AV valves

Back 207

papillary muslces ... as they contract they keep the valve cusps from everting (swinging into the atria)

Front 208

heart strings

Back 208

chordae tendinae

Front 209

bundles of collagen that run from the papillary muscles to the cusps of the AV valves

Back 209

chordae tendinae

Front 210

fibrous flaps or valve leaflets

Back 210

cusps

Front 211

when the ventricle is completely relxed the vlave flas...

Back 211

hang limpmly

Front 212

when blood flows into the atria and is sentto the ventricles via ..

Back 212

atrial contraction or systole

Front 213

as the ventricle begins to contracts, pressure in the ventricles increases, and pushes the valve flaps...

Back 213

closed

Front 214

these muscles act as guy wires to anchor the flaps in the closed position. if the cusps were not anchored it would be like an umbrella blown inside out. the

Back 214

chordae tendinae and papillary muscles-- papillary actually begin to contract before the ventricles

Front 215

separates the right ventricle from the pulmonary trunk

Back 215

pulmonary valves of the semilunar valves that separate the ventricles from the great vessels associated with them

Front 216

separated the left ventricle from the aorta. after the ventricles have emptied blood into the arteries and the ventricles relax (diastole) blood is prevented from returning to them by these valves which have 3 pocket like cusps

Back 216

aotritc vlavles of the semilunar valves

Front 217

another name for white blood cells

Back 217

leudocytes

Front 218

what is teh mnemonic for leukocytes

Back 218

never let mondeyseat bananas

Front 219

what are the three granulocytes

Back 219

eosinophils
basophils
neutorphils

Front 220

granules stain red with eosin. increase in number in response to parasitic infections

Back 220

eosinophils

Front 221

base loving granules, stain blue with hematoxylin. contain histamine

Back 221

basophils

Front 222

most common WBC. first to response to inflammatory stimuli

Back 222

neutrophils

Front 223

what are pMNs

Back 223

polymorphonuclear cells or neutrophiles that phagocytize

Front 224

what are the 2nd most numerous WBC

Back 224

lymphocytes

Front 225

what do B cells produce

Back 225

antibodies

Front 226

what makes tissue transplants hard

Back 226

cytotoxic t cells that must be activiated Cd8

Front 227

CD4 cells

Back 227

helper t that destroy HIV

Front 228

CD4+ cells that suppress proliferation of ther t cells

Back 228

helper t cells

Front 229

destroy cells that lack normal receptros

Back 229

NK cells

Front 230

most abundant and smallest of fprotiens accounting for 60%. produced by the liver and give the blood the viscosity needed to amintain blood volume and pressure

Back 230

albumins

Front 231

what maintains blood volume

Back 231

albumins that are most abundant and smallest proteins produced by the liver and give blood the viscosity needed to maintainblood volume and pressure

Front 232

alpha beta and gama of these exist

Back 232

globulines

Front 233

are synthesized by the liver and assist in transporting lipis inluding fat soluble vitaminss aDEK

Back 233

alpha and beta globulins

Front 234

produced by B cells equal to antibodies

Back 234

gamma globulins

Front 235

which globulins are equal to antibodies

Back 235

gamma globulins

Front 236

large proteins that play a role in clotting also made by liver

Back 236

fibrinogens

Front 237

what percent of blood is plasma

Back 237

55

Front 238

fluid or matrix portion

Back 238

plasma 55% of blood

Front 239

what percent of plasma is proteins

Back 239

8%

Front 240

what are the other components of blood

Back 240

water inorganic salts, carbs, lipids, amino acids, hormones, vitamins

Front 241

how much does the heart weigh in females males

Back 241

250 g
350 g

Front 242

how much of the weight of the heart is mitochondria

Back 242

25%!!!

Front 243

where does right atria recieve blood from

Back 243

body

Front 244

lub

Back 244

AV closed due to ventricular pressure greater than atrial pressure

Front 245

dub

Back 245

semilunar

Front 246

blood pumped FROm the right side of the heart

Back 246

pulmonary circuit

Front 247

blood pumped FROM the left side of the heart

Back 247

systemic circuit

Front 248

chamber is contracted

Back 248

systole

Front 249

loose fitting dense irregular CT that encloses and protects the heart

Back 249

fibrous pericardium

Front 250

what are the functions of the fibrous pericardium

Back 250

protects the heart
anchors it to surrounding structures such as the diaphragma dn the great bessels
prevents overfilling of hte heart with blood

Front 251

what are the layers of the serrous pericardium

Back 251

parietal and viscereal

Front 252

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium. thin slippery serous membrane.

Back 252

parietal layer

Front 253

slit like space between the two layers of the serous pericadium that contains a film of serous fluid

Back 253

pericardial space

Front 254

inflammation ofthe pericardium which decreases production of serous fluid and roughens the membrane. can be seen as the result of chest infections like pneumonia or in autoimmune disease like systemic lupus

Back 254

pericarditis

Front 255

SAME as the visceral pericardium

Back 255

epicardium

Front 256

forms the great bulk of the heart. consists of multiple interlocking layers of cardiac msucle tissue with associated CT blood vessles nad nerve

Back 256

myocardium is the vast 99%

Front 257

the CT fibers of the myocardium form a dense network called...

Back 257

fibrous skeleton o the heart. acts as both a tendon and muslce insertion place.

Front 258

the inner surfaces of the heart including the valves are covered by simple squamous epithelium which is continuous with the endothelium and blood vessels

Back 258

endocardium

Front 259

another anme for cardiac muscle cells

Back 259

cariocytes

Front 260

walls posteriorly are smooth and anteriorly looked as if they have been combed

Back 260

pectinate

Front 261

shallow depression in the interatrial septum

Back 261

fossa ovalis

Front 262

venous blood from the myocardium returns here

Back 262

coronary sinus

Front 263

crossbars of flesh

Back 263

trabeculae carnae

Front 264

atria are separated by what thin but muscular layer

Back 264

interatrial setpum

Front 265

what are ventricles separated by

Back 265

thick muscular interventricular septum

Front 266

most prominnt goove on the myocardium and division between atria and ventricles

Back 266

coronary sulcus

Front 267

parition between the right and left vnetricles is reflected on the surface of the myocardium

Back 267

interventricular sulci

Front 268

cone shaped muscles that support the aV valves. as they conract they keep the valve cupss from everting

Back 268

papillary musscles

Front 269

bundles of collagen that run from papillary muscles to the cusps of the AV vlaves

Back 269

chordae tendinae heart strings

Front 270

when heart is relaxed are the ventricles open or closed

Back 270

hang limply open

Front 271

when blood is in the atria, are vnetricles closed or open?

Back 271

contract in systole

Front 272

when all valves are called

Back 272

isobolumetric contraction

Front 273

atrial systole is what fraction of the cycle

Back 273

1/8 100 msec

Front 274

ventricular systole is what fraction of the cycle

Back 274

1/3 300 msec

Front 275

quiescent period is what fraction of the cyle

Back 275

1/2 400msec

Front 276

delivers vernous blood from the head neck upper limbs and chest to the superior posterior wall

Back 276

superior vena cava

Front 277

HOW MANY pulmonary artiers

Back 277

four

Front 278

runs to left side of the heart and divides

Back 278

left coronary artery

Front 279

LAD

Back 279

left anterior descending

Front 280

anterior interventricular artery is known as

Back 280

LAD left anterior descending artery

Front 281

follows the interventricular sulvus and supplies blood to the anterior ventricles and interventricular septum

Back 281

anterior interventricular

Front 282

continues along the left atrioventricular groove to supply the left atrium and the posterior walls of the left ventricles

Back 282

circumflex

Front 283

runs to the right side of the heart in the coronary sulcus

Back 283

right coronary artery

Front 284

supplies the posterior ventricular walls and the apex of the heart, running in the pposterior interventircular sulcus

Back 284

posterior interventricular

Front 285

serves the myocardium of the lateral aparty of the right side of the heart

Back 285

marginal

Front 286

branches from the right coronary artery and supplies the cardiac pacemakers

Back 286

nodal branchers

Front 287

responsible for establishing the rat of cardiac contraction. unusual in that their membranes spontaneously depolarize to hreshold

Back 287

nodal cells

Front 288

conducting fiber distrbiute the stimulus to the general myocardium

Back 288

nodal cells

Front 289

posterior wall of the right atrium. near the ntrance of the superior vena cava

Back 289

SA node

Front 290

**

Back 290

isolated pacemaker cells depolarize rapidly an spontaneously generate 80 to 100 action potentials per minue

Front 291

what does ACh from teh postganglionic fibers do

Back 291

parasympatetic slows spontaneous depolarization

Front 292

what does sympathetic NE from postganglionic fibers do

Back 292

accelerates the rate of depoliarization

Front 293

where is the av node

Back 293

floor of the right atrium

Front 294

what happens if the AV node is knocked out

Back 294

need a pacemaker

Front 295

what conveys impulses to the ventricular myocardium

Back 295

purkinje fibers

Front 296

inexcitable period cones after a contraction when the sodium channels are inactivated

Back 296

refractory period

Front 297

what depolarizes the atrial fibers by the SA node

Back 297

p wave

Front 298

actual atrial contraction followw the blank wave by a fraction of a second

Back 298

p wave

Front 299

indicated the depoliarzation of the ventricles during thiperior blood is being ejected from the heart . the atria repolarize

Back 299

QRS

Front 300

prodcued by ventricular repolarization

Back 300

t wave

Front 301

what is atrial repolarization is hidden by this step

Back 301

QRS complex

Front 302

innermost part of the walls of the arteries and veins

Back 302

tunica interna or tunica intima

Front 303

anonher anme for tunica inerna

Back 303

tunica intima

Front 304

simple squamous epithelium that line arteries and viens

Back 304

endothelial layer

Front 305

anonther name for elatic tissue layer

Back 305

inernal elastic membrane

Front 306

what layer is found in the thickect arteriees contains variable amounts of connective issue adn elastic tissue in between the other TI layers

Back 306

connective tissue layer

Front 307

in larger arteris, termed elacsctic arteries, there are numberous layers of elastic between the concentric layers of smooth muscle

Back 307

tunica media

Front 308

are the walls of the tunica media thick?

Back 308

no they are not thick in diameter but are extremely resilient

Front 309

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin, but ----er layer of smooth muscle in proportion to their diamete

Back 309

thicker.... smaller muscular arteries are not as elastic but are thicker in smooth muscle

Front 310

do veins have less or more smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding arteries

Back 310

less

Front 311

a reduction of the ddiameter of the vessle by the sympathetic stimulation

Back 311

vasoconstriction or venoconstriction

Front 312

relaxation that increases the lumen size

Back 312

vasodilation

Front 313

how much of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 313

65-70%

Front 314

how many litiers of blood are stored in teh venous reserve

Back 314

1.5 L

Front 315

what is th very thick mostly collagen ayer of the arteries and veins

Back 315

tunica externa or tunica adventicia

Front 316

hwat is another name for tunica externa

Back 316

tunica adventicia

Front 317

innermost part of the walls of the arteries and veins

Back 317

tunica interna or tunica intima

Front 318

anonher anme for tunica inerna

Back 318

tunica intima

Front 319

simple squamous epithelium that line arteries and viens

Back 319

endothelial layer

Front 320

anonther name for elatic tissue layer

Back 320

inernal elastic membrane

Front 321

what layer is found in the thickect arteriees contains variable amounts of connective issue adn elastic tissue in between the other TI layers

Back 321

connective tissue layer

Front 322

in larger arteris, termed elacsctic arteries, there are numberous layers of elastic between the concentric layers of smooth muscle

Back 322

tunica media

Front 323

are the walls of the tunica media thick?

Back 323

no they are not thick in diameter but are extremely resilient

Front 324

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin, but ----er layer of smooth muscle in proportion to their diamete

Back 324

thicker.... smaller muscular arteries are not as elastic but are thicker in smooth muscle

Front 325

do veins have less or more smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding arteries

Back 325

less

Front 326

a reduction of the ddiameter of the vessle by the sympathetic stimulation

Back 326

vasoconstriction or venoconstriction

Front 327

relaxation that increases the lumen size

Back 327

vasodilation

Front 328

how much of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 328

65-70%

Front 329

how many litiers of blood are stored in teh venous reserve

Back 329

1.5 L

Front 330

what is th very thick mostly collagen ayer of the arteries and veins

Back 330

tunica externa or tunica adventicia

Front 331

hwat is another name for tunica externa

Back 331

tunica adventicia

Front 332

innermost part of the walls of the arteries and veins

Back 332

tunica interna or tunica intima

Front 333

anonher anme for tunica inerna

Back 333

tunica intima

Front 334

simple squamous epithelium that line arteries and viens

Back 334

endothelial layer

Front 335

anonther name for elatic tissue layer

Back 335

inernal elastic membrane

Front 336

what layer is found in the thickect arteriees contains variable amounts of connective issue adn elastic tissue in between the other TI layers

Back 336

connective tissue layer

Front 337

in larger arteris, termed elacsctic arteries, there are numberous layers of elastic between the concentric layers of smooth muscle

Back 337

tunica media

Front 338

are the walls of the tunica media thick?

Back 338

no they are not thick in diameter but are extremely resilient

Front 339

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin, but ----er layer of smooth muscle in proportion to their diamete

Back 339

thicker.... smaller muscular arteries are not as elastic but are thicker in smooth muscle

Front 340

innermost part of the walls of the arteries and veins

Back 340

tunica interna or tunica intima

Front 341

do veins have less or more smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding arteries

Back 341

less

Front 342

anonher anme for tunica inerna

Back 342

tunica intima

Front 343

innermost part of the walls of the arteries and veins

Back 343

tunica interna or tunica intima

Front 344

a reduction of the ddiameter of the vessle by the sympathetic stimulation

Back 344

vasoconstriction or venoconstriction

Front 345

innermost part of the walls of the arteries and veins

Back 345

tunica interna or tunica intima

Front 346

simple squamous epithelium that line arteries and viens

Back 346

endothelial layer

Front 347

anonher anme for tunica inerna

Back 347

tunica intima

Front 348

relaxation that increases the lumen size

Back 348

vasodilation

Front 349

anonher anme for tunica inerna

Back 349

tunica intima

Front 350

anonther name for elatic tissue layer

Back 350

inernal elastic membrane

Front 351

simple squamous epithelium that line arteries and viens

Back 351

endothelial layer

Front 352

how much of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 352

65-70%

Front 353

what layer is found in the thickect arteriees contains variable amounts of connective issue adn elastic tissue in between the other TI layers

Back 353

connective tissue layer

Front 354

simple squamous epithelium that line arteries and viens

Back 354

endothelial layer

Front 355

anonther name for elatic tissue layer

Back 355

inernal elastic membrane

Front 356

how many litiers of blood are stored in teh venous reserve

Back 356

1.5 L

Front 357

innermost part of the walls of the arteries and veins

Back 357

tunica interna or tunica intima

Front 358

in larger arteris, termed elacsctic arteries, there are numberous layers of elastic between the concentric layers of smooth muscle

Back 358

tunica media

Front 359

anonther name for elatic tissue layer

Back 359

inernal elastic membrane

Front 360

what layer is found in the thickect arteriees contains variable amounts of connective issue adn elastic tissue in between the other TI layers

Back 360

connective tissue layer

Front 361

what is th very thick mostly collagen ayer of the arteries and veins

Back 361

tunica externa or tunica adventicia

Front 362

anonher anme for tunica inerna

Back 362

tunica intima

Front 363

are the walls of the tunica media thick?

Back 363

no they are not thick in diameter but are extremely resilient

Front 364

what layer is found in the thickect arteriees contains variable amounts of connective issue adn elastic tissue in between the other TI layers

Back 364

connective tissue layer

Front 365

in larger arteris, termed elacsctic arteries, there are numberous layers of elastic between the concentric layers of smooth muscle

Back 365

tunica media

Front 366

hwat is another name for tunica externa

Back 366

tunica adventicia

Front 367

simple squamous epithelium that line arteries and viens

Back 367

endothelial layer

Front 368

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin, but ----er layer of smooth muscle in proportion to their diamete

Back 368

thicker.... smaller muscular arteries are not as elastic but are thicker in smooth muscle

Front 369

in larger arteris, termed elacsctic arteries, there are numberous layers of elastic between the concentric layers of smooth muscle

Back 369

tunica media

Front 370

are the walls of the tunica media thick?

Back 370

no they are not thick in diameter but are extremely resilient

Front 371

innermost part of the walls of the arteries and veins

Back 371

tunica interna or tunica intima

Front 372

anonther name for elatic tissue layer

Back 372

inernal elastic membrane

Front 373

are the walls of the tunica media thick?

Back 373

no they are not thick in diameter but are extremely resilient

Front 374

do veins have less or more smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding arteries

Back 374

less

Front 375

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin, but ----er layer of smooth muscle in proportion to their diamete

Back 375

thicker.... smaller muscular arteries are not as elastic but are thicker in smooth muscle

Front 376

anonher anme for tunica inerna

Back 376

tunica intima

Front 377

what layer is found in the thickect arteriees contains variable amounts of connective issue adn elastic tissue in between the other TI layers

Back 377

connective tissue layer

Front 378

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin, but ----er layer of smooth muscle in proportion to their diamete

Back 378

thicker.... smaller muscular arteries are not as elastic but are thicker in smooth muscle

Front 379

a reduction of the ddiameter of the vessle by the sympathetic stimulation

Back 379

vasoconstriction or venoconstriction

Front 380

do veins have less or more smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding arteries

Back 380

less

Front 381

simple squamous epithelium that line arteries and viens

Back 381

endothelial layer

Front 382

in larger arteris, termed elacsctic arteries, there are numberous layers of elastic between the concentric layers of smooth muscle

Back 382

tunica media

Front 383

do veins have less or more smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding arteries

Back 383

less

Front 384

relaxation that increases the lumen size

Back 384

vasodilation

Front 385

a reduction of the ddiameter of the vessle by the sympathetic stimulation

Back 385

vasoconstriction or venoconstriction

Front 386

anonther name for elatic tissue layer

Back 386

inernal elastic membrane

Front 387

are the walls of the tunica media thick?

Back 387

no they are not thick in diameter but are extremely resilient

Front 388

a reduction of the ddiameter of the vessle by the sympathetic stimulation

Back 388

vasoconstriction or venoconstriction

Front 389

how much of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 389

65-70%

Front 390

relaxation that increases the lumen size

Back 390

vasodilation

Front 391

innermost part of the walls of the arteries and veins

Back 391

tunica interna or tunica intima

Front 392

innermost part of the walls of the arteries and veins

Back 392

tunica interna or tunica intima

Front 393

what layer is found in the thickect arteriees contains variable amounts of connective issue adn elastic tissue in between the other TI layers

Back 393

connective tissue layer

Front 394

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin, but ----er layer of smooth muscle in proportion to their diamete

Back 394

thicker.... smaller muscular arteries are not as elastic but are thicker in smooth muscle

Front 395

relaxation that increases the lumen size

Back 395

vasodilation

Front 396

how many litiers of blood are stored in teh venous reserve

Back 396

1.5 L

Front 397

how much of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 397

65-70%

Front 398

anonher anme for tunica inerna

Back 398

tunica intima

Front 399

anonher anme for tunica inerna

Back 399

tunica intima

Front 400

in larger arteris, termed elacsctic arteries, there are numberous layers of elastic between the concentric layers of smooth muscle

Back 400

tunica media

Front 401

do veins have less or more smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding arteries

Back 401

less

Front 402

what is th very thick mostly collagen ayer of the arteries and veins

Back 402

tunica externa or tunica adventicia

Front 403

how much of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 403

65-70%

Front 404

how many litiers of blood are stored in teh venous reserve

Back 404

1.5 L

Front 405

simple squamous epithelium that line arteries and viens

Back 405

endothelial layer

Front 406

simple squamous epithelium that line arteries and viens

Back 406

endothelial layer

Front 407

are the walls of the tunica media thick?

Back 407

no they are not thick in diameter but are extremely resilient

Front 408

how many litiers of blood are stored in teh venous reserve

Back 408

1.5 L

Front 409

hwat is another name for tunica externa

Back 409

tunica adventicia

Front 410

what is th very thick mostly collagen ayer of the arteries and veins

Back 410

tunica externa or tunica adventicia

Front 411

a reduction of the ddiameter of the vessle by the sympathetic stimulation

Back 411

vasoconstriction or venoconstriction

Front 412

anonther name for elatic tissue layer

Back 412

inernal elastic membrane

Front 413

anonther name for elatic tissue layer

Back 413

inernal elastic membrane

Front 414

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin, but ----er layer of smooth muscle in proportion to their diamete

Back 414

thicker.... smaller muscular arteries are not as elastic but are thicker in smooth muscle

Front 415

what is th very thick mostly collagen ayer of the arteries and veins

Back 415

tunica externa or tunica adventicia

Front 416

hwat is another name for tunica externa

Back 416

tunica adventicia

Front 417

relaxation that increases the lumen size

Back 417

vasodilation

Front 418

what layer is found in the thickect arteriees contains variable amounts of connective issue adn elastic tissue in between the other TI layers

Back 418

connective tissue layer

Front 419

what layer is found in the thickect arteriees contains variable amounts of connective issue adn elastic tissue in between the other TI layers

Back 419

connective tissue layer

Front 420

do veins have less or more smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding arteries

Back 420

less

Front 421

hwat is another name for tunica externa

Back 421

tunica adventicia

Front 422

how much of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 422

65-70%

Front 423

in larger arteris, termed elacsctic arteries, there are numberous layers of elastic between the concentric layers of smooth muscle

Back 423

tunica media

Front 424

in larger arteris, termed elacsctic arteries, there are numberous layers of elastic between the concentric layers of smooth muscle

Back 424

tunica media

Front 425

a reduction of the ddiameter of the vessle by the sympathetic stimulation

Back 425

vasoconstriction or venoconstriction

Front 426

are the walls of the tunica media thick?

Back 426

no they are not thick in diameter but are extremely resilient

Front 427

are the walls of the tunica media thick?

Back 427

no they are not thick in diameter but are extremely resilient

Front 428

relaxation that increases the lumen size

Back 428

vasodilation

Front 429

how many litiers of blood are stored in teh venous reserve

Back 429

1.5 L

Front 430

innermost part of the walls of the arteries and veins

Back 430

tunica interna or tunica intima

Front 431

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin, but ----er layer of smooth muscle in proportion to their diamete

Back 431

thicker.... smaller muscular arteries are not as elastic but are thicker in smooth muscle

Front 432

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin, but ----er layer of smooth muscle in proportion to their diamete

Back 432

thicker.... smaller muscular arteries are not as elastic but are thicker in smooth muscle

Front 433

how much of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 433

65-70%

Front 434

what is th very thick mostly collagen ayer of the arteries and veins

Back 434

tunica externa or tunica adventicia

Front 435

anonher anme for tunica inerna

Back 435

tunica intima

Front 436

do veins have less or more smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding arteries

Back 436

less

Front 437

do veins have less or more smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding arteries

Back 437

less

Front 438

hwat is another name for tunica externa

Back 438

tunica adventicia

Front 439

how many litiers of blood are stored in teh venous reserve

Back 439

1.5 L

Front 440

simple squamous epithelium that line arteries and viens

Back 440

endothelial layer

Front 441

a reduction of the ddiameter of the vessle by the sympathetic stimulation

Back 441

vasoconstriction or venoconstriction

Front 442

a reduction of the ddiameter of the vessle by the sympathetic stimulation

Back 442

vasoconstriction or venoconstriction

Front 443

what is th very thick mostly collagen ayer of the arteries and veins

Back 443

tunica externa or tunica adventicia

Front 444

anonther name for elatic tissue layer

Back 444

inernal elastic membrane

Front 445

relaxation that increases the lumen size

Back 445

vasodilation

Front 446

relaxation that increases the lumen size

Back 446

vasodilation

Front 447

hwat is another name for tunica externa

Back 447

tunica adventicia

Front 448

what layer is found in the thickect arteriees contains variable amounts of connective issue adn elastic tissue in between the other TI layers

Back 448

connective tissue layer

Front 449

how much of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 449

65-70%

Front 450

how much of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 450

65-70%

Front 451

in larger arteris, termed elacsctic arteries, there are numberous layers of elastic between the concentric layers of smooth muscle

Back 451

tunica media

Front 452

how many litiers of blood are stored in teh venous reserve

Back 452

1.5 L

Front 453

how many litiers of blood are stored in teh venous reserve

Back 453

1.5 L

Front 454

are the walls of the tunica media thick?

Back 454

no they are not thick in diameter but are extremely resilient

Front 455

what is th very thick mostly collagen ayer of the arteries and veins

Back 455

tunica externa or tunica adventicia

Front 456

what is th very thick mostly collagen ayer of the arteries and veins

Back 456

tunica externa or tunica adventicia

Front 457

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin, but ----er layer of smooth muscle in proportion to their diamete

Back 457

thicker.... smaller muscular arteries are not as elastic but are thicker in smooth muscle

Front 458

hwat is another name for tunica externa

Back 458

tunica adventicia

Front 459

hwat is another name for tunica externa

Back 459

tunica adventicia

Front 460

do veins have less or more smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding arteries

Back 460

less

Front 461

a reduction of the ddiameter of the vessle by the sympathetic stimulation

Back 461

vasoconstriction or venoconstriction

Front 462

relaxation that increases the lumen size

Back 462

vasodilation

Front 463

how much of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 463

65-70%

Front 464

how many litiers of blood are stored in teh venous reserve

Back 464

1.5 L

Front 465

what is th very thick mostly collagen ayer of the arteries and veins

Back 465

tunica externa or tunica adventicia

Front 466

hwat is another name for tunica externa

Back 466

tunica adventicia

Front 467

what are leaky to fluid and electorlytes

Back 467

fnestrated true capillary beds

Front 468

found in bone marrow liver and spleen spacesbetween endothelial cells is so great that capillaries look like little cavities

Back 468

discontinuous true capilaries

Front 469

which type of true capillarh in the capillary bed has lots of filtering and sinusoids goingon?

Back 469

discontinuous

Front 470

what do vewnules lack

Back 470

tunica media

Front 471

what is the thickest layer of the veins

Back 471

tunica externa

Front 472

compared tothe corresponding artery do veins have a larger lumen or smaller and then a thicker or thinner wall?

Back 472

LARGER glumen and thinner wall

Front 473

what size of veins have valves that prevent backflow

Back 473

medium sized

Front 474

where does gas exchange occur to get the oxygen into the blood

Back 474

pulmonary capillaries

Front 475

where do the pulmonary veins go back to

Back 475

left atrium

Front 476

vessles that drain one group of capillaries and deliver blood to a second group of capillaries

Back 476

portal system

Front 477

what are the veins that drain bloo from capillaries in the intestines, spleen, pancreas, somachand gallbladder into the hepatic portal vein

Back 477

sinusoids

Front 478

drains small intestine and first half of colon

Back 478

supeior mesenteric vein

Front 479

drain from spleen

Back 479

splenic vien and pancreatic vien

Front 480

what are the splenic veins

Back 480

pancreatic vein
left gastroepiphloic vein from stomach
interior meseneric vein from teh distal colon

Front 481

neurons in the hypothalamus secrete hormones in the region of the median eminence where they enter a network of primary capillries

Back 481

hypothalamic or hypophyseal circulation

Front 482

venous draingage through the pituitary stalk to secondary capillaries wihtin the

Back 482

anterior pituirtayt are part of the hypothalamic circulation

Front 483

capillary exchange between maternal and fetal blood occurs where

Back 483

within the placenta

Front 484

what connects the placenta and the fetus

Back 484

umbilical cord

Front 485

what does the umbilical cord consist of

Back 485

one vein two arteries

Front 486

arteries carry what kind of blood back to the lacenta

Back 486

deoxygenated

Front 487

veins carry what kid of blood toward the heart in the fetus

Back 487

oxygenated

Front 488

veins split into two braches which merge with waht in the fetus

Back 488

portal vein and inferior vena cava

Front 489

what is the inferior vena cava called int he fetus

Back 489

ductus vensosus

Front 490

about 25% of blood passes from the right to left atrium by what in the fetus

Back 490

foramen ovale

Front 491

what does the foramen ovale become after birth

Back 491

fossa ovalis

Front 492

90% of blood inthe pulmonar trunk of the fetus flows though what

Back 492

ductus artereriosis-- into the aorta where it is mixed with left ventricular blood

Front 493

what does the ductus arteriosus become after birth

Back 493

ligamentum arteriosum

Front 494

what offers high resistance to circulatory flow

Back 494

cxollapsed lungs

Front 495

how is blood returned to the placenta

Back 495

by umbilical arterie that arise from internal iliac arteries

Front 496

what are three casues of congenital circulatory problems

Back 496

patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
ventricular septal defect
tetralolgy of fallot

Front 497

what are the four things wrong in the tetralogy of fallot

Back 497

pulmonary tunk is abnormally narrow
the interventricular spetum is incomplete
the aorta originates where the interventricular septum normally ends
the right ventricle is enlarged

Front 498

what are two more causes of congenital circulatory problems

Back 498

transposition of great vessels
atrioventricular septal defects

Front 499

what are three potential vascular problems

Back 499

arteriosclerosis
aneurysm
hyupertension

Front 500

waht are four cuases of cardiac diseases of the heart

Back 500

Mi
arrhythmia
angina pecotis
heart murmurs

Front 501

oh oh oh to touch and feel very good velvet ah ha

Back 501

olfactory
optic
occulomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
accessory
hypoglossal

Front 502

where are the cell bodies located in the snesory facial CN VII

Back 502

cell bodies are located in the geniculate ganglion

Front 503

where is the point of origin of the facial sensory nerve

Back 503

taste receptors on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Front 504

destination of the facial sensory nerve

Back 504

pons

Front 505

primary function of the sensory facial nerve

Back 505

taste from the anterior tongue

Front 506

point of origin and destination of the motor facial nerve CN VII

Back 506

somatic origin is nuclei of the pons to muscles of facial expresseion
visceral motor is nuclei of pons to innervate the lacrimal gland and nasal mucous glands via the sphenopalatine ganglion; submandibular and sublingual glands via submandiular ganglion

Front 507

primary funciton is sensory from tongue, motor to muscles of facial expression, autonomic motor function to tear, nasal, and salivary glands

Back 507

CN VII

Front 508

what is the loss of CN VII on one side

Back 508

bells palsy

Front 509

what are the branches from the styolmastiod foramen

hint: two zebras bit my coccyx painfully from superior to inferior

Back 509

temporal
zygomatic
buccal
mandibular
cervical
posterior auricular

Front 510

this nerve arises from receptors in the cochlea that monitor mechanical disturbances froms ound waves. cell bodies are located within a peripheral ganglion

Back 510

cochlear nerve of the sensory vesitbulochoclear nerve VIII for hearing and balance

Front 511

this nerve arises from receptors within the vestibule and semicircular canals. the neurons are located in an adjacent ganglion

Back 511

vestibular nerve of the sensory vestibulocochlear VIII for hearing and balance

Front 512

what is the destination of the sensory vestibularcochlear nerve

Back 512

axons pass on to the vestibular and cochlear nuceli of the pons and medulla

Front 513

primary funciton is special snesory associated with hearing and balance

Back 513

vestibulocochlear VIII

Front 514

origin of sensory of glossopharyngeal

Back 514

sensory arissse from posterior 1/3 of tongue, pharynx, palate, and carotid sinus receptors with sensory neurons in the superior and inferior ganglia. they travel on to the medulla

Front 515

where do the sensory recepots of the glossopharyngeal nerve travel on to

Back 515

medulla

Front 516

what is the function of the somatic motor of the glossopharyngeal IX

Back 516

from the medulla, control pharyngeal muscles involved in swallowing

Front 517

what is the funciton of the autonomic motorglossopharyngeal IX

Back 517

motor impulsees from medulla innervate the parotid salivary gland after synpasing in the otic ganglion

Front 518

what is the primary funciton of the glossopharyngeal

Back 518

sensory from tongue, palate, and carotid arteries; somatic innervation for swallowing and visceral innervation to the parotid gland

Front 519

what is the mother of all nerves?

Back 519

vagus X

Front 520

from part of the pharynx pinna of ear external auditory canal disphragm and visceral organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities this nerve also does sensory neurons are located in the jugular ganglion and the nodose ganglion and synapse in the medulla

Back 520

sensory of the vagus X

Front 521

what does the motor bagus do

Back 521

msucles of pharynx for swallowin gnad laryunx for vocalization

Front 522

what is the funciton of the autonomic motor vagus

Back 522

motor impulses from medulla proceed to visceral organs muscles as far as the distal colon

Front 523

what arises within the medulla, passes through the jugular foramen with the vagus nerve and innervates the skeletal muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx

Back 523

bulbar root of the motor of the accessory XI

Front 524

where does he spinal root arise from for the motor accesesory

Back 524

from the 1st 5 segments of the spinal cord, passes througyh the foramen magnum where it joins with the bulbar root and passes through the jugular foramen. it innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Front 525

what is the primary funciton of the accessory motor

Back 525

motor to pharynx larynx and neck muscles

Front 526

origin and destination of hypoglossal CN XII

Back 526

arise from the medulla and innervate the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

Front 527

primary function is motor tongue movements

Back 527

hypoglossal XII

Front 528

how many pairs of spinal nerves

Back 528

31

Front 529

innervates the muscles of the neck and extend into the thoracic cavity to control the diaphragmatic muscles

Back 529

cervical plexus

Front 530

made of muscular and cutaneous branches in the ventral rami of spinal nerves C1-3 and fibers from C5

Back 530

composition of the cervical plexus

Front 531

what are the major branches of the cervical plexus

Back 531

cutaneous
phrenic nerve C3-C5
ansa cervicalis
prevertebral

Front 532

subbranches of the cutaneous cervical plexus

Back 532

lesser occipital
greater auricular
transverse cervical
supraclavicular

Front 533

what does the phrenic nerve innervates

Back 533

diaphragm

Front 534

what is teh MAJOR nerve of the cervical plexus

Back 534

phrenic nerve

Front 535

combination of fibers from the cervical plexus and part of teh XII and innervates the extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Back 535

ansa cervicalis of the cervical plexus

Front 536

dep m uslces of the neck levator scapulae trapezius scalenus and sternoclediomastiod

Back 536

prevertebral

Front 537

what is the larger and more complex plexus that innervates the entire upper extremity of one side as well as some shoulder and neck muscles

Back 537

brachial plexus

Front 538

what C-T is the brachail

Back 538

5-T1

Front 539

describe the brachial plexus

Back 539

big and ugly

Front 540

what are the major cords from teh five major nerves

hint: Real texans drink coors beer

Back 540

roots 2
trunks 3
divisions 2
cords 3
branches

Front 541

what does ulnar nerve do

Back 541

flexor muscle on the forearm

Front 542

innervates the lower abdomen and anteiror and medial portions of the lower extremity

Back 542

lumbar plexus made up of L1-4 and soem from T12 and has only roots and division

Front 543

innervates the lower back pelvis perineum posterior surface of the thigh and leg dorsal and plantar surfaces of the foot

Back 543

sacral plexus

Front 544

what innervates the extensor msucles of the hig gluteus maximus

Back 544

inferior gluteal

Front 545

what innervates the abductor msucles of the thigh the gluteus minimus and medius

Back 545

superior gluteal

Front 546

what innervates the skin and muscles of perieum and external genitalia

Back 546

pudendal

Front 547

what innervates flexors of the knee and plantar flexors of the ankel

Back 547

tibial nerve

Front 548

peroneal muscles toe exyensors skin over anterior surface of leg and dorsal surface of the foot

Back 548

fibular or common peroneal

Front 549

what is the innermost part of the arteries arterioles capillaries venules and viens

Back 549

tunica interna

Front 550

what is another name for tunica interna

Back 550

tunica intima

Front 551

simple squamous epithelium in the arteries and veins

Back 551

endothelial layer

Front 552

another name for the elastic tissue layer

Back 552

internal elastic membrane

Front 553

found in thickest arteries only

Back 553

connective tissue layer

Front 554

contains variable amounts of connective tissue and elastic tissue and is in between teh other TI layers

Back 554

connective tissue layer

Front 555

what does elastic do to the pusatile flow of blood

Back 555

reduces it as in less pounding

Front 556

smaller muscular arteries have less elastin but thicker or thinnner layer of smooth muscle

Back 556

thickere

Front 557

veins have more or less smooth muscle and elastic than their corresponding

Back 557

arteries... less smooth muscle and less elastic

Front 558

what does sympathetic stimulation do to veins

Back 558

vasoconstriction recduces the diameter of the vessel

Front 559

relaxation does what to the lumen size during vasodilation

Back 559

increases

Front 560

ho wmuch of the blood is in the veins at any one time

Back 560

65-70% about 2/3

Front 561

how many liters of blood are the in venous reserve

Back 561

1.5 L

Front 562

what is the very thick mostly collagen with scattered elastic fibers layer of the arteries and veins

Back 562

tunica externa

Front 563

another name for tunica externa

Back 563

tunica adventicia

Front 564

what arteries is elastic tissue found in

Back 564

only pulmonary aorta subclvian common carotid and common iliac

Front 565

external carotid, brachial arteries and femoral arteries have this kind of tissue

Back 565

muscular

Front 566

capillary netwoks are often served by more than one artery; the arteries can fuse rather than draining into arterioles and are common in the brain and heart

Back 566

anastomosis

Front 567

direct communications between arterioles and venules; are comon in visceral organs and joints, especially where poisition or posture could ocmpromise blood flow

Back 567

arteriovenous anastamosis

Front 568

have poorly defined adventicia and tunica media is incomplete layer of scattered smooth muscles and controls blood flow between arteries and arterioles

Back 568

arterioles

Front 569

what is the only structure that permits diffusion between blood and tissue

Back 569

capillaries

Front 570

diffusion distances must be small, only 5-10% are open at rest

Back 570

capillaries

Front 571

what are the walls of capillaries composed of

Back 571

one cell layer that is simple squamous epithelium

Front 572

a relativley direct communication between an arteriole and venule is an

Back 572

thoroughfare channel

Front 573

the arteriolar end of the thoroughfare channel somewhat of an itermediate between arteriole and capillary with some smooth tissue

Back 573

metarteriole

Front 574

what are three types of tue capillaries

Back 574

ontinuous
fenestrated
discontinuous

Front 575

those in which adjacent endothelial cells are tightly joined together by tight junctions and desmosomes; muscles lungs nad adipose in CNS they lack intercellular channels

Back 575

continuous

Front 576

occur in kidneys endocrine glands and intestines have wide intercellular pores covered by mucoprotein and are leaky to fluid and electrolytes

Back 576

fenestrated

Front 577

found in bone marrow liver spleen spaces between endothelial cells is so great that capillaries look like little cavities

Back 577

discontinuous have lots of filtering

Front 578

spaces between endothelial cells that look like little cavities are called

Back 578

sinusoids

Front 579

what is the thickest layer of the veins

Back 579

tunica externa

Front 580

do veins have larger lumen than arteries

Back 580

yes but thinner walls

Front 581

what drains the small intestine and first half of the colon

Back 581

superior mesenteric vein

Front 582

vein from sleep

Back 582

splenic vein

Front 583

where does celiac artery superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery flow to

Back 583

stomach spleen pancrease galld bladder small intestine large intestine

Front 584

stomach spleen pancrease gall bladder small intestine large inestine flow to

Back 584

splenic ein inferior mesenteric vein superior emsenteric vein

Front 585

where do splenic vien inferior mesenteric vein superior mesenteric vein flow to

Back 585

hepatic portal vein

Front 586

where does hepatic portal veine flow to

Back 586

liver

Front 587

here does liver flow to

Back 587

inferior vena cava

Front 588

where does inferior vena cava lead to

Back 588

heart

Front 589

where does heart lead to

Back 589

celiac artery superior mesenteric artery inferior mesenteric artery

Front 590

neurons in the hypothal secrete hormones in the region of the median eminence where they enter anetwork of primary capillaries

Back 590

hypothalamic hypoghyseal circulation

Front 591

venous drainage through the pituitary stalk to secondary capillaries wihtin th anterior pituitary

Back 591

hypothalamic hypophyseal

Front 592

where do the venous rainage through the pituitary stalk go to

Back 592

anterior pituitary

Front 593

capillary exchange between maternal and fetal blood occurs with the

Back 593

placenta

Front 594

what connects the placenta and the fetus

Back 594

umbilical cord there is one vein two arteries

Front 595

what carries blood toward the heart that is oxygenated in the fetus

Back 595

vein

Front 596

what carries deoxygenated blood back tot he placenta in a fetus

Back 596

arteries

Front 597

**

Back 597

oxygenated nutrient rich blood flows through the umbilical vein towards the inferior liver surface

Front 598

ductus venosus

Back 598

where the oxygenated blood in the umbilical cord that goes toward the inferior liver surface merges with the portal vine and the inferior vena cava in two branches

Front 599

about 25% of blood passes from the right to left atrium through the

Back 599

foramen ovale

Front 600

what does the foramen ovale become in adults

Back 600

fossa ovalis

Front 601

what goes into the aorta where it is mixed with left ventricular blood

Back 601

ductus arteriolis where 90% of the blood in the pulmonary trunk flows

Front 602

what does the ductus arteriosus become

Back 602

ligamentum arteriosum after birth

Front 603

what are the four things wrong in tetralogy of fallot

Back 603

pulmonary turnk is abnormally narrow
interventricular septum is incomplete
aorta originates where the interventricular septum normally ends
right venticle is enlarged

Front 604

what are vascular problems that can go wrong

Back 604

arteriosclerosis
aneurysn
hypertension

Front 605

what are cardia problesm

Back 605

MI arrhgtythmia nagina pectois heart murmurs

Front 606

primary function of the lymphatic system

Back 606

production maintenance and distribution of lymphoctes

Front 607

what are the other function of the lypathic system

Back 607

making lymphocytes
maintians fluid balance in tissue
absorbs fat from teh GI teract

Front 608

BP at beginning of systemic capillary is

Back 608

35 mm Hg

Front 609

what tends to force water and solutes out of plasma

Back 609

bp does

Front 610

what is the osmoti pressure resulting from the presence of supended plasma proteins

Back 610

colloid osmotic pressure about 25 mm

Front 611

what percent of the total blood volume enters the intersitutal fluid each day

Back 611

72% which si 3.6 L

Front 612

what happens when lypahtcis can no longer drain tissue

Back 612

lympehdema

Front 613

are there lympathics in the bone marrow or CNS

Back 613

NO!

Front 614

close ended tubes in teh intercellular spaces of most tissue

Back 614

lympathic capllaries

Front 615

how do lympathic capillaries differ from vascular capillaries

Back 615

larger in diamete
thinner walls because they lack a continuous basement membrane
endothelial cells ovelap instead of being tightly bound to each other
gaps between cells are large enough to allow viruses bacteria and cell debris to enter

Front 616

what is the role of lympathic vessles of lymph ducts

Back 616

drain the lympathic capillaries

Front 617

what gives a beady appearance

Back 617

valves

Front 618

bean shaped bodies within CT capsule. contain phagocytic cells that help purify the fluid

Back 618

lymph nodes

Front 619

where can lymph nodes be found

Back 619

popliteal
infuinal
lumbar
cubital
axillary
thoracic
cervical

Front 620

locatd in the posterior superior wall o the nasopharynx

Back 620

tonsils

Front 621

what are the two types of tonsils

Back 621

pharyngeal in the posterior wall of nasopharynx
palatine are aroudn the openning between the nasal and oral cavities and the pharynx

Front 622

assists in filtering blood porudcing lyphocytes and destorying old RBC

Back 622

spleen

Front 623

what is found in the spleen

Back 623

red pulp
white pulp

Front 624

what destroys RBC

Back 624

red pulp of the spleen

Front 625

what is the gernminal center for lymphocyte production

Back 625

white pulp of the spleen

Front 626

prominent lymphatic capillaries in the small interstie which transport absorbed lipids

Back 626

lacteals

Front 627

carry lymph toward the lymphatic trunks in the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities. rhythmic contraction possible to help more lymph

Back 627

lymphatic vells

Front 628

convergence of superficial and deep lympathics

Back 628

trunks

Front 629

what drains the lower extermities

Back 629

lumbra trunk

Front 630

what drains the intestinal tract

Back 630

intestinal trunk

Front 631

what drains the upper extremities

Back 631

subclavian trunk

Front 632

what drains the lungs and chest

Back 632

bronchomediastinal trunk

Front 633

what drains the head and neck

Back 633

jugular trunk

Front 634

what drains 3/4 of body into L subclavian vien near the base of the left internal jugular vein

Back 634

left thoracic duct

Front 635

what collects lumbar and intestinal trunks at the base of the thoracic duct

Back 635

cisterna chyli

Front 636

what drains the upper 1/4 of the body and only drains right bronchomediastinal trunk right jugular and right subclavaian trunks

Back 636

right thoracic duct

Front 637

paired openings from the external envrionment into the respiratory system

Back 637

external nares

Front 638

mucosa lined space superior to the oral cavity and divided by the nasal septum the first chamber of the respiratory system

Back 638

nasal cavity

Front 639

what is the first chamber of the respiratory system

Back 639

nasal cavity

Front 640

postion of the nasal cavity enclosed by flexible tissue of the nose

Back 640

vestibule

Front 641

what i the vestibule

Back 641

portion of the nasal cavity enclosed by flexible tissue of nose

Front 642

forms the floor of the nasal cavity

Back 642

hard palate

Front 643

composed of the masillary and palatine bones and serpartes the oral from the nasal cavitiy

Back 643

hard palate

Front 644

extends posteriorly fromthe hard palate separating the superior nasopharynx from the rest of the pharynx

Back 644

soft palate

Front 645

where the nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx also called the choana

Back 645

internal nares

Front 646

another name for internal nares

Back 646

choana

Front 647

within the vestibules, the epithelium preogresses from keratinized stratified squamous to non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and still farther back

Back 647

nasal epithelium

Front 648

what does it eventually become once it is done extending back

Back 648

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar which is respiratory epithelium

Front 649

present in the superior medial protion of the nasal cavity concerned with the sense of smell

Back 649

oflactory epithelium

Front 650

where does the blood supply ot the nasal cavity come from

Back 650

sphenopalatine artery which is a branch of the maxillary artery and from the naterior ethmoidal arteries a branch of the ophtalmic artery

Front 651

wha does the sphenopalatine artery of the branch of the maxillary artery supply

Back 651

blood to nasal cavaity along with the antrior ethmoidal arteries a branch of the opthalmic artery

Front 652

nares is innervated by th enaterior ehtmoidal nerve of the opthalmic branch

Back 652

V1

Front 653

branches of the nerve supply the palate, pharynx, and nasal cavity

Back 653

V2

Front 654

branches come form the greater petrosal nerve from the facial nerve to the nasal glands and lacriumal glands

Back 654

parasympathetic

Front 655

from the internal carotid plexus are distributed with the parasympathetic

Back 655

sympathetic

Front 656

funnel shaped passageway about 13 cm long, connecting the nose and mouth with the larynx and the esophagus

Back 656

pharynx

Front 657

positioned directly behind the nasal cavity

Back 657

nasoopharynx

Front 658

positioned directly behind the nasal cavity above the soft palate

Back 658

nasopharynx

Front 659

this connects the auditory tubes with the middle ear caivites

Back 659

nasopharynx

Front 660

superior middle nad inferior blank form ridges that project into the nasal cavity

Back 660

turbinates or conchae

Front 661

what is another name for turbinates

Back 661

conchae

Front 662

what is another name for the pharyngeal tonsil

Back 662

adenoid on the posterior wall fot he nasopharynx

Front 663

extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the hyoid bone

Back 663

oropharynx

Front 664

what are structures associated with the oropharynx

Back 664

uvula
palatine tonsils
lingual tonsils

Front 665

this blocks the nasopharynx during swalling

Back 665

uvula

Front 666

this is located on the posterior lateral wall of the mouth

Back 666

palatine tonsils

Front 667

these are located on the base of the tongue

Back 667

lingual tonsils

Front 668

this extends inferiorly from the hyoid tothe larynx

Back 668

larynopharynx

Front 669

what kind of epithelium does the nasopharynx have

Back 669

typical respiratory epithelium

Front 670

what kind of tissue does the oropharynx have

Back 670

stratified spuamous epithelium

Front 671

what kind of epithelium does the larynopharynx have

Back 671

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 672

what is the vascular supply of the respiratory system

Back 672

branches of the external thyroid arteries

Front 673

what is the innervation of the respiratory system

Back 673

pharyngeal plexus formed by the pharyngeal branches of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves and sympathetic branches from the superior cervical gnaglion from XI

Front 674

describe the cartilages of the larynx

Back 674

9-- 3 large unpaired and 6 are smaller and paired

Front 675

what is the larest cartilage and forms most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx

Back 675

thyroid

Front 676

what inferiorly articulates with the cricoid cartilage

Back 676

thryoid

Front 677

a complete rign that is enlarged posteriorly. these cartilages protect the glottis and the entrace ot the trachea

Back 677

cricoid

Front 678

flops over the glottis when you swallow to prevent aspiration

Back 678

epiglottis

Front 679

shoehorn shaped cartilage supported by ligamentous attachments tot he anterior and superior borders oft he thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone. during swalloiwng the epiglottis is elevated and it folds back over the glottis preventing entry of liquid or solid food into the respiratory pathways

Back 679

epiglottis

Front 680

narrow opening form the pharynx open when the vocal folds are relaxes and closed when they are approximated

Back 680

glottis

Front 681

what muscles are responsible for elevating the larynx and closing the epiglottis during swallowing

Back 681

extrinsic

Front 682

what muscles are responsible for phonation

Back 682

intrinsic muscles

Front 683

what is the innervation of the larngeal muscles

Back 683

recurrent laryngeal nerve fot eh vagus nerve

Front 684

what is the sensory innervation of the laryngela muscles

Back 684

superior laryngeal nerve, a branch of the vagus

Front 685

9-15 cm in lenght, slightly less than 1/2 the length of the esophagus. splits into right and left principle bronchi at the level fo the sternal angle.

Back 685

trachea

Front 686

what is the function of the trachea reinforced by

Back 686

cartilaginous carina

Front 687

what epithelium lines the mucosal layer of the trachea

Back 687

pseudostratified ciliated epithelum

Front 688

what is the thick layer of CT containing mucous glands

Back 688

submucosal layer

Front 689

superficial to the submucosa

Back 689

cartilaginous layer

Front 690

dense and loose connective tissue that binds the trachea to other mediastinal tissue

Back 690

adventicia contains variable amount of adipose tissue

Front 691

what is the vascular supply of the trachea

Back 691

inferior thyroid arteries and superior thyroid arteries and bronchial arteries

Front 692

**

Back 692

preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in teh vagus nerves are givien to the trachea; the postganglionic fibers are in the wall itself

Front 693

**

Back 693

postganglionic sympathic fibers arrive from the thoracic sympathetic ganglia in the symphthic trunks

Front 694

afferent fibers in nteh trachea go to the brain via what nerve

Back 694

VAGUS NERVE

Front 695

right and left main bronchi extrapulmonary bronchi

Back 695

primary bronchi

Front 696

histologic organization of the bronchi is the same as what other organ thing

Back 696

trachea

Front 697

which bronchus is larger

Back 697

right is sligtly larger than the lefft

Front 698

where are foreign bodies usually lodged

Back 698

right primary bronchus

Front 699

where do the primary bronchi enter the lungs

Back 699

hilus along with the pumonary vessels and nerves at the root of the lungs

Front 700

what bronchi go to the pulmonary lobes

Back 700

secondary bronchi

Front 701

how many lobes in the righ tlung

Back 701

3 lobes superior lobar middle lobar and inferior lobar

Front 702

what are the two lobes of the left lung

Back 702

superior lobar bronchus and inferior lobar bronchus

Front 703

what is another name of the tertiary bronchi

Back 703

segmental bronchi

Front 704

what is the largest lobe

Back 704

superior lobes of either

Front 705

23 orders of air tubes

Back 705

bronchi

Front 706

bunch of grapes

Back 706

alveolar sac

Front 707

grape

Back 707

alveolus

Front 708

URI

Back 708

upper respiratory infection

Front 709

lobar pneumonia

Back 709

involved entire lobe

Front 710

involves only part of the lobe

Back 710

bronchopneumonia

Front 711

inflammation of the trachea and bronchi ariways

Back 711

bronchitis