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Front 1

Olfaction

Back 1

Sense of smell

Front 2

How many olfaction receptors do we have

Back 2

10-100million

Front 3

Where are olfaction receptors located and how big of area

Back 3

Top of nasal cavity in area of less than 1 square inch

Front 4

What are olfactory receptors

Back 4

Specialized neurons that binds to odor molecule

Front 5

What do odor receptors look like

Back 5

Hair like extensions that reach our and float in mucus

Front 6

Olfactory receptors are the only cells in the body that..

Back 6

Go to the outside

Front 7

Basal cells divide what to make what

Back 7

continually to make olfactory receptors

Front 8

How often are olfactory cells replaced

Back 8

Every month

Front 9

What do the olfactory glands do

Back 9

Secrete mucus

Front 10

What happens in the mucus

Back 10

Smell dissolves and is absorbed into receptors

Front 11

Olfactory nerves are what

Back 11

40 bundles of axons that terminate into olfactory bulbs

Front 12

Odor molecule requirement:

Back 12

Has to dissolve in mucus. Of it can't, we can't smell it

Front 13

What is one thinfbwe can't smell

Back 13

Natural gas

Front 14

We have the ability to differentiate how many smells? Dogs?

Back 14

Us. 10,000

Dogs: 100,000

Front 15

Anosmia And what is it causes by

Back 15

Inability to smell

Caused by defect somewhere in the smell process

Caused by blow to head that would damage bulbs, zinc levels or a bad cold

Front 16

Uncinate fits

Back 16

Phantom smells

Smell of rotten meat

Can last several weeks to months, smells will permanately go away after that

Front 17

Gustation

Back 17

Taste

Front 18

5 tastes

Back 18

Sweet

Sour

Bitter

Salty

Umami

Front 19

Umami

Back 19

Savory

Front 20

How many taste buds on tongue, soft palate, pharynx and larynx

Back 20

10,000

Front 21

How many taste buds are left in adulthood

Back 21

3000

Front 22

When do tastebuds decrease drastically

Back 22

At 50

Front 23

Gustatory receptors cells

Back 23

project hair like extensions into groves of tongue

Front 24

Gustatory supporting cells

Back 24

Surround 50 receptor cells, producing more gustatory cells

Front 25

Gustatory basal cells

Back 25

Produce more supporting cells

Front 26

Papillae

Back 26

Tastebuds

Front 27

Circumvallate

Back 27

Very large tastebuds in the back

Front 28

Fungiform

Back 28

Tastebuds all over tongue

Front 29

Filiform

Back 29

Hair like, all over tongue, no taste buds associated with them

Front 30

What do filiform do

Back 30

Move food around

Front 31

Palpebrae

Back 31

Eyelids

Front 32

Job of palpebrae

Back 32

Keep eyes moist by blinking

Front 33

Palpebral fissure

Back 33

Opening between the two eyelids

Front 34

Conjunctiva

Back 34

Covers surface of eye, except for cornea, very vascular

Front 35

Eyelash and eye brows

Back 35

Keep junk and dibris out of eyes

Keep sweat out of eyes

Front 36

Lacrimal glands

Back 36

Tear glands found superior and lateral to eye

Front 37

Tears come from where

Back 37

From the top lacrimal glands

Front 38

Lacrimal ducts

Back 38

Where tears drain in from the glands

Front 39

Lacrimal puncta

Back 39

Two holes connected to lacrimal canal

Front 40

Lacrimal canal

Back 40

Drains into lacrimal sac

Front 41

Lacrimal sac

Back 41

Drains into nose

Front 42

The lacrimal duct is a modified..

Back 42

Sebaceous gland that secretes sebum (gunk that collects in the eye)

Front 43

Anatomy of eye

Back 43

Next

Front 44

Fibrous tunic is what and contains what

Back 44

Very tough outer layer of eye

Contains cornea and sclera

Front 45

Cornea

Back 45

Clear dome that sits over the iris

Connected to sclera

Front 46

Sclera

Back 46

White part of eye

Front 47

Vascular tunic is what and contains what

Back 47

Very dark and contains melanin that absorbs stray light

Front 48

Vascular tunic contains what parts of eye

Back 48

Choroid

Ciliary body

Ora serrata

Iris

Pupil

Front 49

Choroid

Back 49

Blood vessels that feed the retina

Front 50

Ciliary body

Back 50

Sits next to lens and iris

Front 51

Ciliary process

Back 51

Secreted aqueous humor suspensory ligaments

Front 52

How does ciliary process work

Back 52

Aqueous humor comes out of pupil and fills chamber behind cornea and drains into canal of schlemm which constantly makes aqueous humor

Front 53

Ciliary muscles alter shape of

Back 53

Lens

Front 54

Ora serrata

Back 54

Jagged anterior margin of retina

Front 55

Iris

Back 55

Circular and radial muscles

Front 56

Lens is located directly behind

Back 56

Iris

Front 57

Glaucoma

Back 57

Too much aqueous humor being made and not drained

Tested by shooting air onto cornea

Front 58

Cateracs

Back 58

Cloudy lens

Front 59

Astigmatism

Back 59

Abnormal shape of cornea

Front 60

Retina

Back 60

Neural tunic that is connected to optic nerve

Front 61

Optic disc

Back 61

Where axons from retina leave and go to occipital lobe

Front 62

Macula lutea

Back 62

Has high concentration of rods and cones

Front 63

Central fovea

Back 63

Contains only cones

Front 64

Rods are for

Back 64

Low light

Front 65

Cones are for and require

Back 65

Color and require alot of light

Front 66

Interior of eyeball

Back 66

Anterior and posterior cavity

Front 67

Anterior cavity is filled with

Back 67

Aqueous humor and is the lens forward

Front 68

Posterior cavity

Back 68

The lens back

Vitreous body - Push retina to the back of the eye and sit next to choroid layer

Front 69

Visual pathway

Back 69

Light activated rods / cones which talk to optic nerve

Front 70

Optic chiasm

Back 70

Axons of optic nerves cross and go to visual cortex

Only medial ones cross

Front 71

Hearing

Back 71

Next

Front 72

External anatomy of ear

Back 72

Ear drum out

Front 73

Auricle

Back 73

Directs sound to center of ear canal

Front 74

Helix

Back 74

Upper rounded portion of ear

Front 75

Lobule

Back 75

Bottom part of ear that pierces

Front 76

External auditory canal

Back 76

Whole going through the external auditory meatus and ending at the tympanic membrane

Front 77

Tympanic membrane

Back 77

Eardrum

Front 78

Ceruminous glands

Back 78

Modified sebaceous glands that make wax

Front 79

Purpose of wax in ears

Back 79

To help trap debris and junk from getting into the ear

Front 80

Cerumen

Back 80

Wax

Front 81

Middle ear

Back 81

Eardrum to oval window

Front 82

Middle ear is filled with what

Back 82

Air

Front 83

Auditory ossicles

Back 83

Smallest bones in body they are fully grown when you are born

Front 84

Malleus

Back 84

Connected to tympanic membrane

Front 85

Incus

Back 85

Connected to malleus

Front 86

Stapes

Back 86

Connected to incus, which stimulates cochlea

Front 87

Stapedius muscle

Back 87

Connected to stapes, protective for loud sounds by contracting, pulling on stapes to lesson the blow to cochlea

Front 88

Auditory tube

Back 88

Equalizes pressure

Front 89

Where does an ear infection most likely occur

Back 89

Middle ear

Front 90

Inner ear

Back 90

Oval window to inside

Front 91

Vestibular apparatus contains

Back 91

Utricle and saccule

Semicircular canals

Front 92

Utricle and saccule

Back 92

Controls equilibrium

Head position and acceleration / deceleration, body position

Front 93

Semicircular canals

Back 93

Equilibrium / spinning

Front 94

Cochlea

Back 94

Oval window and round window for hearing

Front 95

Auditory pathway

Back 95

Nerves in cochlea are activated and synapse with vestibularcochear nerve which sends an Impulse to auditory area in temporal lobe

Front 96

Upper respiratory system clears by

Back 96

Cilia that beat unidirectionally to throat

Front 97

Nose includes

Back 97

Cartilage

External nares

Nasal conchae

Front 98

Nasal cartilage

Back 98

Septal - middle

Lateral - side

Front 99

Nasal alar

Back 99

Flare of nose

Front 100

External nares

Back 100

Opening into nose

Front 101

Nasal conchae

Back 101

Three shelf like structures that swirl around to moisten the air and warm it up before it gets to the lungs

Front 102

Three nasal conchae

Back 102

Superior metal and inferior

Front 103

Vestibule

Back 103

Above external Nares, has hairs to trap to Breeze from getting into the nasal cavity

Front 104

Pharynx contains

Back 104

Nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Laryngopharynx

Front 105

Nasopharynx

Back 105

Behind nose to roof of mouth

Front 106

Oropharynx

Back 106

Roof of mouth to bottom of mouth what you can see when mouth is open

Front 107

Laryngopharynx

Back 107

Beyond the oropharynx leading to the throat

Front 108

Lower respiratory system

Back 108

From Adam's Apple down

Front 109

The larynx contains

Back 109

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Epiglottis

Vocal cords

Front 110

Thyroid cartilage

Back 110

Top part of cartilage

Front 111

Cricoid cartilage

Back 111

Lower part of cartilage

Front 112

Epiglottis

Back 112

Above glottis

Front 113

Vocal cords

Back 113

On either side of glottis

Front 114

Glottis is

Back 114

The opening to trachea

Front 115

How long is the trachea

Back 115

12 inches long

Front 116

Mucus escalator

Back 116

Ciliated and takes junk and debris from lungs up the throat

Front 117

Trachea is comprised of

Back 117

C shaped hyaline cartilage rings to prevent collapse

Front 118

Where does the esophagus set

Back 118

Directly behind trachea

Front 119

Bronchi tubes

Back 119

Left and right primary bronchus

Secondary bronchi

Tertiary bronchi

Front 120

Primary bronchus

Back 120

Where trachea branches

Front 121

Describe right bronchi

Back 121

Longer and more vertical

Front 122

Described left bronchi

Back 122

Shorter and horizontal

Front 123

Carina

Back 123

Internal Ridge where bronchi split

Front 124

Secondary bronchi

Back 124

Branches off the primary and each branch enters a lobe

Front 125

How many branches on the left and right secondary bronchi is

Back 125

Right has three

Left has two

Front 126

Tertiary bronchi

Back 126

Each goes to another part of the lobe

Front 127

Branching after the tertiary

Back 127

Bronchioles Branch to terminal bronchioles which in turn Branch into the alveoli

Front 128

Alveoli

Back 128

Grape like sac that that is tightly surrounded by capillaries

Front 129

Pleural membrane

Back 129

Surrounds each lung

Front 130

Visceral layer

Back 130

Fuse directly to lungs

Front 131

Parietal layer

Back 131

Attach to ribs

Front 132

Base of lungs

Back 132

Lay on diaphragm

Front 133

Apex of lungs

Back 133

Narrow Superior portion

Front 134

Hilus

Back 134

Area where bronchi and large vessels enter and exit medial side of lung

Front 135

Left lung

Back 135

Cardiac Notch and has two lobes

Front 136

Cardiac notch

Back 136

Where heart sits

Front 137

Two lobes of left lung

Back 137

Superior and inferior divided by oblique fissure

Front 138

Three lobes of right lung

Back 138

Superior inferior and middle

Oblique and horizontal fissures

Front 139

Alveoli cells

Back 139

Type one, type 2, alveolar macrophages

Front 140

Type 1 alveolar cells

Back 140

Simple squamous epithelial cells and site of gas exchange

Front 141

Type 2 alveolar cells

Back 141

Cuboidal epithelial cells

Secrete alveolar fluid

Secrete surfactant

Front 142

Surfactant

Back 142

Oily substance salons won't stick together, made in the 7th to 8th month of gestation

Front 143

Alveolar macrophages

Back 143

Live inside air sacs and eat junk and debris that gets deep down in lung

Front 144

What happens during inspiration of lungs

Back 144

Contraction of diaphragm and external intercostals

Thorax volume increases pulling walls of lungs out

Causes a pressure difference between long and external air

Front 145

What happens during expiration a ventilation

Back 145

Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals

decrease of thorax volume

reversal of pressure and gradient

Front 146

What controls breathing rhythm

Back 146

Medulla oblongata

Front 147

How long does inspiration and expiration last

Back 147

Inspiration is 2 seconds expiration is 3 seconds

Front 148

Pneumotaxic area

Back 148

Within the pons and shuts off signal to inhibit inspiration impulses

Front 149

Apneustic area

Back 149

Within the pons and send signal to stimulate inspiratory impulses