Anat Exam 2

Front 1

Arthr

Back 1

joints

Front 2

itis

Back 2

inflamation

Front 3

Arthroses

Back 3

Types:
synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses

Front 4

Synarthroses

Back 4

(fiberous joints) have ligaments, no movement.. in skull/cranial bones

Front 5

Ampiarthroses

Back 5

(cartilaginous joints) "yielding"

Front 6

syn

Back 6

together

"sinning together"

Front 7

Diarthroses

Back 7

(synovial joints) freely movable
joint capsule contains synovial fluid

Front 8

Types of Synarthroses

Back 8

a. suture
b. gomphosis (tooth socket)
c. Syndesmosis (anvil & stirrup, ear bones)
d. and others

Front 9

Spina bifida

Back 9

The number one causing of crippling of children, this is the name of the condition in which the spinal cord is not completely enclose in the spinal column, but protrudes between two vertebrae

Front 10

Teratogenic Birth defect

Back 10

A substantial number of birth defects are the result of what Mom ate, drank or smoked during pregnancy.

Front 11

Teratogenic

Back 11

high levels of stress hormones may also be teratogenic. A agent is any chemical or other outside force that affects fetal development without causing a mutation

Front 12

Cause of Spina Bifida

Back 12

Mom does not get enough folic acid early in pregnancy

Front 13

The critical time for avoiding teratogenic agents occurs

Back 13

within the first 3 months

Front 14

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Back 14

when a child is exposed to extreme amount of alcohol during pregnancy

Front 15

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), Spina Bifida, and the heart damage caused by German measles (Rubella)

Back 15

These disease are affects of Teratogenic birth defects

Front 16

hist

Back 16

prefix for tissue

Front 17

neuron

Back 17

cell which can transmit messages via electrical discharges

Front 18

Nervous tissue

Back 18

They are the cells that conduct thought processes, detect and carry senses such as hearing to the brain, and transmit instructions to muscle glands. (only makes up 10%)

Front 19

Nervous tissue (associated cells)

Back 19

these cells nourish and protect neurons in a variety of ways.

Front 20

afferent

Back 20

neurons which conduct messages toward the CNS, hence "sensory"

Front 21

efferent

Back 21

Neurons which conduct messages away from CNS, hence "motor"

Front 22

olig

Back 22

prefix meaning "few"

Front 23

dendr

Back 23

"tree" (tree-like, or branching like a tree)

Front 24

Myelin

Back 24

a lipid (fatty) material that surrounds the axons of long neurons.

Front 25

the Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 25

consist of the brain and spinal cord

Front 26

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 26

includes afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neurons, and includes the nuerons of larger nerves that connect the inner ear, the skin, the muscles.. etc. to the CNS

Front 27

connections of PNS

Back 27

to the CNS by 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, plus their branches

cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their branches are considered part of the PNS

Front 28

Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

Back 28

the function is to manufacture extra plasma membrane which wraps around part of the most long neurons.

Front 29

Myelin

Back 29

the part that wraps around the neurons, it is very much like the insulation around an electrical wire or power cord

Front 30

Significance of myelin

Back 30

is demonstrated by the disease MS, in which some is destroyed by the individual's own immune system (autoimmune disease)

Front 31

In the PNS..

Back 31

Schwann cells are spaced at intervals along the long neurons bc it takes several Schwann cells to myelinate one neuroon.

Front 32

CNS neurons

Back 32

are shorter and one oligondendrocyte will often myelinate more than one neuron

Front 33

The cell body of a neuron

Back 33

contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm

Front 34

axon

Back 34

is the part of the neuron that is often myelinated and most of the length of long neurons is in the axon.

Front 35

Neurons are like

Back 35

One way streets, the direction of the message can only be from dendrite end to axon end

Front 36

syn

Back 36

prefix meaning together

"sinning together"

Front 37

Action Potential

Back 37

can be thought of as a moving electrical discharge

Front 38

axon's are recharged

Back 38

by Na/K pumps

Front 39

Synapse

Back 39

the cell is separated from the end of the axon by a gap called a ______

Front 40

Neurotransmitters

Back 40

to get the message across the synapse, tiny bulbs at the end of the axon release chemical _______ into the synapse

Front 41

Acetocholine

Back 41

Neurons which synapse to voluntary muscle cells away release the neurotransmitter _______

Front 42

sub

Back 42

prefix for below or under

Front 43

cuntaneous

Back 43

surface covering, i.e. skin

Front 44

examples of neurotransmitters

Back 44

norepinephrine, dopamine, and seratonin

Front 45

Norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

Back 45

plays a role in the body's response to fear and anger

Front 46

Dopamine

Back 46

a decline in production of _____ in a specific part of the brain results in Parkinson's Disease. Also related to pleasure and addiction

Front 47

Seratonin

Back 47

is related to depression. Prozac is one medication that increases seratonin levels

Front 48

Adipose tissue

Back 48

Adipose cells store fat, so the function of adipose tissue can be summarized with the term "fat storage"

Fat stores energy, insulation to keep us warm

Front 49

lymph

Back 49

clear liquid that is extracellular fluid and is interchanged with blood

Front 50

Card

Back 50

heart

Front 51

pulmonary

Back 51

lung

Front 52

Major structural feature of adipose tissue

Back 52

is the large vacuole in which several droplets of fat are stored

Front 53

the vacuole in ____ tissue

Back 53

is so large that it squeezes the nucleus and the rest of the cytoplasm to the side of the cell.

Front 54

vascular tissue

Back 54

includes blood and lymph in their cells, you can also include the vessels that carry blood and lymph

Front 55

extracelluar

Back 55

outside the cell

Front 56

erythr

Back 56

prefix for red

Front 57

leuc, leuk,

Back 57

prefix for white

Front 58

thromb

Back 58

prefix for blood clot, or clotting

Front 59

anemia

Back 59

low number of functional red blood cells

Front 60

the 3 major categories of blood vessels

Back 60

are arteries, veins and capillaries

Front 61

Arteries and their branches

Back 61

(including small arterioles) carry blood from the heart to the capillaries "away from the heart"

Front 62

Veins

Back 62

carry blood from capillaries back to the heart, "toward the heart"

Front 63

Capillaries

Back 63

are the smallest blood vessels, they are so small that red blood cells are squeezed against the capillary walls as they pass through the capillaries

Front 64

3 kinds of cells that are designed to circulate in the blood

Back 64

erthrocytes, leucocytes, and platelets

Front 65

Erthrocytes

Back 65

red blood cells, they contain the protein, hemoglobin

Front 66

Hemoglobin

Back 66

carries the oxygen that our cells need for respiration, it contains Fe

Front 67

Sickle Cell Anemia

Back 67

is caused by a recessive gene that codes for a different amino acid in the 6th position of a 146 amino acid chain. The mutation allows the hemoglobin to change shape and in response to O deprivation, leading to sickle-shaped erthrocytes.

Front 68

Leucocytes

Back 68

are white blood cells, they are the essence of our immune system. Many are produced in red bone marrow like erthrocytes.

Front 69

T- lymphocytes

Back 69

are produced in the thymus gland, which is located near the heart, Lymph nodes, tonsils and the spleen are also associated with the immune system

Front 70

function of the immune system

Back 70

are to provide disease resistance, destroy cells of foreign organisms, destroy old and useless cells, destroy cancer cells, clean up cellular debris and prevent infections

Front 71

Platelets

Back 71

function in blood clotting, they produce proteins that function as enzymes in the conversion blood proteins to different proteins.

Front 72

Phleb

Back 72

prefix meaning a vein

Front 73

Itis

Back 73

suffix indicating "inflammation of"

Front 74

embolism

Back 74

blood clot that formed in one place and traveled through the blood stream to a different place

Front 75

Phlebitis

Back 75

A venous blood clot in the legs

Front 76

pulmonary embolism

Back 76

another possible consequence and such blood clots can also cause heart attacks if they block blood vessels that supply part of the heart muscle

Front 77

Coronary Thrombosis

Back 77

a thrombosis is a blood clot that stayed where it formed, of course a thrombosis in vessels in the brain can also lead to a stroke

Front 78

liga

Back 78

prefix meaning to bind

Front 79

derm

Back 79

skin

Front 80

areolar

Back 80

meshlike having small open spaces

Front 81

Other connective tissue

Back 81

connective tissues are classified loose, dense and rigid,

Front 82

The rigid connective tissue

Back 82

cartilage and bone

Front 83

dense connective tissue

Back 83

includes tendons, ligaments and the dermis

Front 84

loose connective tissue

Back 84

is found throughout the body where it serves as the framework for most organs

Front 85

Matrix

Back 85

the non-living material between them, which they manufactured

Front 86

with the exception of bone cells, connective tissues...

Back 86

manufacture proteins which are transported to the outside of the cell. The proteins build up around the cell and he living connective tissue cells become widely spaced

Front 87

Prominent connective tissue matrix proteins

Back 87

collagen and elastin, both have the shape of long fibers

Front 88

Pinna

Back 88

the part of the ear that extends outward from the skull, is cartilage so it is flexible and can bend without breaking

Front 89

aponeurosis

Back 89

a broad flat tendon, it would also be white fiberous connective tissue

Front 90

Abdominal aponeurosis

Back 90

is the front of abdome, it serves as an attachement site for abdominal muscles that help us exhale during breathing or speech

Front 91

Central Tendon

Back 91

is actually an aponeurosis that forms the center of the diaphragm

Front 92

The diaphragm

Back 92

is between the chest and the abdomen and is an important breathing muscle as the central tendon part is raised and lowered by the muscle around it to change the size of the chest cavity

Front 93

Fascia

Back 93

is connective tissue that is part of a muscle, fascia surrounds each muscle cell, it also surrounds bundles of muscle cells as well as the whole muscle

Front 94

arthr

Back 94

prefix for joint

Front 95

lacun

Back 95

a space or cavity

Front 96

E

Back 96

this suffix makes a Latin word plural

Front 97

chrondr

Back 97

prefix for cartilage

Front 98

cancell

Back 98

Lattice work

Front 99

os, ost

Back 99

bone, Ost can be a prefix in "osteo" or inside a word like endosteum

Front 100

mendull

Back 100

marrow

Front 101

Lacunae

Back 101

the living cells of cartilage and bones are in cavaties in the matrix

Front 102

Chondrocytes

Back 102

in cartilage the living cells

Front 103

Spongy bone

Back 103

consists of a lot of spaces between bone spicules called trabeculae

also called cancellus, is where red bone marrow is located

Front 104

Compact bone

Back 104

each lacuna contains a living bone cell, mature bone cells are osteocytes, immature bone cells are osteoblasts, they are formed by mitosis of osteogenic cells and they become osteocytes when they mature

Front 105

Long bones

Back 105

are hollow, which helps reduce their weight. The hollow part of a long bone is the medullary cavity.

Front 106

Medullary cavity

Back 106

is line with a membrane called the endosteum and it contains yellow bone marrow.

Yellow bone marrow does NOT make blood cells, its only function is to store energy just as fat does

Front 107

Compact vs. Spongy

Back 107

Compact:
Haversian systems (haversian canal)

Spongy:
Red bone marrow

Front 108

Types of Bones

Back 108

Long bones: longer than they are wide (fingers, arm)

Short bones:no longer than they are wide (wrist and ankles)

Irregular bones (shoulder and ankles)

flat bones (skull, cranial bones)

Front 109

Diploe of cranial bones

Back 109

compact, spongy, compact (3 layers)

Front 110

squamous

Back 110

flat

Front 111

strata

Back 111

layer

Front 112

Epithelia tissues

Back 112

protects against water loss and microbial invasion, makes up most of the skin as well as the mucous membrane

also lubricates membranes

Front 113

Mucous membrane

Back 113

lines the respiratory, digestive and female reproductive tracts

Front 114

squamous cells

Back 114

are flattened when epithelial tissue consist of several layers the cells will be squamous to reduce the overall thickness of the epithelial tissue

Front 115

Columnar cells

Back 115

are deeper than they are wide, when we view them in cross sections we tend to refer to them as being tall

Front 116

Simple

Back 116

when the epithelial tissue is only one layer thick

Front 117

Stratified

Back 117

the term from more than one layer

Front 118

Pseudostratified

Back 118

they appear to be more than one layer thick buy they are actually only one layer

Front 119

Mucous

Back 119

adjective form of the noun "mucus"

Front 120

lumen

Back 120

means light, used to mean inside (between walls) of a tunnel

Front 121

expectorate

Back 121

to spit out

Front 122

Cilia

Back 122

are short, hair-like projections that extend from the surface of the cell into the lumen of the cavity surrounded by ciliated epithelium.

Front 123

Keratin

Back 123

is a tough waterproof protein that accumulates in skin cells as they age.

Front 124

striate

Back 124

having a striped appearance

Front 125

my, or myo

Back 125

prefix for muscle

Front 126

fascile

Back 126

bundle

Front 127

peri

Back 127

prefix for around

Front 128

sarco

Back 128

flesh, a component of a muscle

Front 129

muscle fiber

Back 129

muscle

Front 130

endomysium

Back 130

muscle fibers are surrounded by ____

Front 131

Perimysium

Back 131

fasicles are surrounded by an extra layer of fascia called ___

Front 132

Epimysium

Back 132

each muscle consist of several fasicles of muscle cells and the whole muscle is surrounded by a fascia layer called ______

Front 133

Myofibrils

Back 133

the organization of the muscle fiber into ____. A muscle fiber has several myofibrils

Front 134

Myofilaments

Back 134

each myofibril has several shorter ___ which are of two types.

Front 135

Actin

Back 135

thin myofilaments

Front 136

Myosin

Back 136

thick myofilaments

Front 137

sarcomere

Back 137

between any Z-line there are actin, then myosin, then actin myofilaments

Front 138

X.S.

Back 138

cut directly across to expose the internal components

Front 139

L.S.

Back 139

cut which exposes a longitudinal (lengthwise) section

Front 140

flexion

Back 140

to bend at a joint

Front 141

extension

Back 141

to straighten at that joint

Front 142

lemma

Back 142

sheath or envelope

Front 143

motor end plate

Back 143

the motor end plate of voluntary muscle has recepots for the neurotransmitter acetlycholine, which is the neurotransmitter used by all motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles

Front 144

sarcolemm

Back 144

the plasma membrane of a muscle cell

Front 145

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 145

when the action potential reaches, which is smooth ER with a special function storing calcium, CA is released

Front 146

Nervous tissue is made up of:

Back 146

10% of neurons and 90% associated cells

Front 147

Neurons carry nervous system messages:

Back 147

the major parts of the neuron are the cell body, the axon, and one or more dendrites

Front 148

dendrites

Back 148

have receptors that are capable of responding to an outside stimulus or to a specific neurotransmitter

Front 149

Axon end bulb

Back 149

releases neurotransmitters into the synapse

Front 150

lymph

Back 150

is basically the same as blood minus the red blood cells

Front 151

T-4 lymphocytes

Back 151

stimulate production of antibodies by telling other lymph

Front 152

platelets are:

Back 152

fragments of cells in charge of blood clotting, they are produced by thrombocytes

Front 153

white fibrous dense connective tissue

Back 153

is mostly collagen and is found in tendons. An aponeurosis, suchas the one at the top of the diaphragm, is a broad, flat tendon

Front 154

Yellow elastic dense connective tissue

Back 154

has more elastin than white fibrous and is found in ligaments (connecting bone to bone at joints) the dermis (skin's deepest layer) and fascia

Front 155

Bone cells

Back 155

manufacture calcium salts (calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate)

Front 156

muscle cells:

Back 156

can only pull, they get shorter as they contract

function is heat production and fitness

Front 157

cardiac muscle

Back 157

found in the heart only, has striations and is involuntary

Front 158

skeletal muscle

Back 158

is voluntary, striated and is mostly connected to bone

Front 159

the shortest muscle

Back 159

in the body is in the ear, it contributes to the acoustic reflex

Front 160

orgin and insertion

Back 160

identify the bones to which a muscle is connected. The origin moves the least and the insertion moves the most.

Front 161

actin complex

Back 161

consists of actin and two other proteins, troponin and tropomyosin.

Front 162

tropomyosin

Back 162

is along the troponin strand which is wrapped around the actin in a manner that puts tropomyosin between the myosin heads and binding sites on the actin to prevent the myosin heads from attaching to the actin binding sites

Front 163

fixator

Back 163

stabilizes at the origin

Front 164

orbicularis

Back 164

a circular muscle that is open when relaxed and has no origin or insertion because the fibers surround something

Front 165

sphincter

Back 165

is closed when relaxed creating a closed valve and the sphincter muscle must contract to open the valve (UES)

Front 166

adult vs. newborn

Back 166

newborn has more bones (mandible, sacrum 5 different bones)

Front 167

purpose of spongy

Back 167

makes skull lighter,
aborbs shock of semi-hard impacts

Front 168

____ bones in adults

Back 168

206

Front 169

2 major divisions

Back 169

axial, appendages

Front 170

___ bones in the axial skeleton

Back 170

80 including vertebrae, ribs breastbone, ends in vertebrael columns

Front 171

___ in appendicular skeleton

Back 171

126

Front 172

___ phalanges

Back 172

56: bones of the fingers, thumbs, toes (3 sections per finger)

Front 173

___ other phalanges

Back 173

150

Front 174

pectoral girdle

Back 174

shoulder:
scapula (2, blade, acromian process)
clavicle
acromioclavicular joint
glenoid process (fossa, arm socket)
humerous long bone in arm

Front 175

pelvic girdle

Back 175

pelvis, illium, illiac crest, pubis

Front 176

vertebrae:

Back 176

spinous process (in back, you can feel it)

transverse process
top atlas holds up head--> nodding
2nd axis allows rotation

Front 177

intevertebral formen

Back 177

tunnel through bone
spinal nerves pass thru

Front 178

sacrum

Back 178

formed by fusion of 5 bones
contains 4 paris of "invertebral formen"

Front 179

cervical vertebrae

Back 179

cervical means neck
7 cervical vertebrae (no ribs!!)
top 2 are atlas and axis

Front 180

___ total cervical vertebrae

Back 180

26:

12 thoracic (ribs are attached, thorax)
5 lumbar

Front 181

___ directions of curvature

Back 181

4 directions in the spine

Front 182

primary curvatures

Back 182

thoracic and sacral
they didn't change direction after birth

Front 183

secondary curvatures

Back 183

(neck) cervical formed by baby holding head up when lying on their stomach

(lower back) lumbar formed by standing

Front 184

scoliosis

Back 184

is too much sideways curvature

Front 185

Lordosis

Back 185

is NOT enough thoracic curvature

Front 186

Kyphosis

Back 186

is TOO much thoracic curvature

Front 187

Ribs:

Back 187

7 true ribs
3 false ribs
2 floating ribs

Front 188

skull bones

Back 188

29 total

8 cranial bones
14 facial bones
6 ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
1 hyoid

Front 189

vocal folds

Back 189

cycle many times per second

Front 190

abduction

Back 190

apart

Front 191

adduction

Back 191

together

Front 192

human averages

Back 192

125 Hz for adult males
225 for adult females
400 Hz for babies

measured in Hertz, we hear differences as pitch

Front 193

phonemes formed in vocal tract

Back 193

called articulation
as stops, fricatives
bring tongue to the roof of the mouth

Front 194

4 pairs of sinuses

Back 194

frontal sinuses
maxillary sinuses
sphenoid sinuses
ethmoid air cells

Front 195

sound waves

Back 195

move horizontally

in waves of compression and rarefaction

back and forth motion

Front 196

interaction of 2 sound waves

Back 196

incidence & reflection waves

reinforcement and interference

Front 197

outer ear

Back 197

has lots of flexibility

Front 198

Pinna (auricle)

Back 198

where we wear earrings

Front 199

External auditory meatus

Back 199

1 inch long
reinforces sound waves between 100 & 550 Hz
contains cerumen (ear wax) and cilia

ends at ear drum (tympanic membrane)

Front 200

tympanic membrane

Back 200

between outer and middle ear

not flat, bulges towards middle ear

vibrates w/ sound waves

transmits vibrations to ossicular chain

sometimes perforated

attached by annulus (ring of cartilage)

skin outside, mucous membrane inside

Front 201

tympanic membrane contains

Back 201

air & 3 ossicles
Malleus --> mallet
Incus
Stapes --> stirrup

Front 202

Middle ear

Back 202

filled with air

Front 203

From tympanic membrane

Back 203

to stapes footplate

Front 204

ossicular chain

Back 204

amplifies sound 10x to 50x

Front 205

air pressure equalized

Back 205

by Eustacian tubes (tubes connect to nasopharynx)

Front 206

Nasal pharynx

Back 206

flaps that pop open when ears pop

Front 207

Inner Ear

Back 207

filled with fluid

Front 208

auditory nerve

Back 208

carries messages to the brain

shaped like a snail Cochlea
semicircular canal, vestibul connects 3 canals

Front 209

vestibular mechanism

Back 209

is responsible for balance

Front 210

Cochlea

Back 210

is responsible for hearing

Front 211

Cochlea

Back 211

about 1.5 inches long
has 2.5 coils
fluid filled
sound waves enter oval window

Front 212

round window

Back 212

pressure of sound waves relieved at ____

Front 213

scala vestibuli

Back 213

from helicotrema
to round window