Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Describe the divisions of the nervous system?
|
CNS (brain/spinal cord)
PNS (sesnsory, motor) -Somatic (skeletal muscle) -Autonomic (smooth muscle) ---Parasympathetic (rest and digest) ---Sympathetic (fight or flight) |
|
|
where do neurons come from for the sympathetic nervous system? describe these neurons (size/hormone)?
|
-The thoracic and Lumbar region
-1st short (ACh), 2nd long(Epi/norepi) |
|
|
where do neurons come from for the parasympathetic nervous system? describe these neurons (size/hormone)?
|
-sacral and cranial region
-1st long(ACh), 2nd short(ACh) |
|
|
exocrine grands?
|
secrete things out of the body (saliva, etc)
|
|
|
which type of hormones have a common backbone?
which type of hormone is insulin? |
steriod hormones
protein hormone |
|
|
Describe the transport/mode of action of protein hormones
fast or slow? |
hydrophilic, water soluble, free transport
-can't get in due to bilayer, so they bind to a receptor outside that changes shape -inside receptor then alters metabolism (ie converts ATP to secondary messenger cAMP that activates enzymes FASt |
|
|
Describe the transport/mode of action of steroid hormones
fast or slow? |
hydrophobic, fat solube
travel bound to a protein carrier Can dissove thru membrane/ bilayer Need a carrier once htey reach cytoplasm Carrier bound protein straight to nucleus activating transcription and changes in metabolism -slow |
|
|
Why is too much blood glc bad?
|
brain/nervous tissue doesn't regulate uptake- leads to coma/shock
|
|
|
Type 1 diabetes?
|
no cells in pancrease to make insulin
|
|
|
Type 2 diabetes?
|
target cells don't respond to insulin
|
|
|
name 2 positive feed back loops
|
FSH/LSH
Blood clotting |
|
|
What happens when Ca level is high?
|
-Thyroid stimulates calcitonin
-Calcitonin stimulates osteoblast, absorbing less calcium, reasbsorbing less calcium |
|
|
What happens when Ca level is low?
|
-Parathyorid stimulates PTH
-PTH stimulates osteoclast, absorbing calcium, and reasbsorbing calcium |
|
|
all sensory neurons can be described as...?
|
selective, transducers, and amplifiers
|
|
|
phasic neurons?
|
decreases the aboutnt of action potentials sent after continous repetition of the signal (ie tempP
|
|
|
Tonic neuron?
|
signal is propotional to the degree of damage
|
|
|
krause receptors?
|
sense low (below 20 degree) temperatures
|
|
|
sugars taste? pH? Na+ or K+? tanins?
|
sweet, sour, salty, bitter
|
|
|
what is the sclera?
|
maintians the shape of the eye and is attached to muscles that move the eyeball
|
|
|
what is the choroid? what is the difference in the choroids of animals that are nocturnal?
|
highly vascularized, blood/oxygen supply to retina and long w/ taking away waste
it absorbs the light that miss neurons in the retina it is lighter( less dark) |
|
|
What is the retina?
|
contains the photoreceptors
|
|
|
two types of photoreceptors? fxns of each?
|
rod: black and white, sensitive and useful in dim light
cone: send AP in very distinguishible wavelengths to see different colors |
|
|
what is the fovea centralis and the macula lutea? practical function? problem?
|
the places in the eye w/ a great density of only cone cells
distinguish fine lines no rod cells, need bright light |
|
|
Detached retina
Cause physiology treatment |
-trauma
-fluid from chorioid fills in behind Retina so it can't get nutrients from choroid -remove fluid and pull retina back/ make it attach w/ scaring |
|
|
Diabetes leads to?
Physiology? |
-blindness
-diabetes: reduced blood flow: tissue starved of hormone: tissues release VE growth factors: clusters of capilaries grow underneath retina: pushes retina away from choroid: blindness |
|
|
cornea?
|
lens in eyeball w/ a curvature that focuses light coming in
|
|
|
What do contact lenses do?
|
change the shape of the cornea
|
|
|
Where does cornea get nutrients?
|
from the fluid between the iris and the cornea
|
|
|
is the cornea vascularized?
|
no
|
|
|
What is Glaucoma?
|
the canals of Schlemm are block, so that the fluid can't drain away. Fluid build up causes pressure that pushes retina so tight on choroid that blood flow is stopped
|
|
|
What is the pupil? shapes?
|
light passes throught it
dialate-radial shaped contract- sphinctor shaped |
|
|
Lens?
|
changes shape so that you can accomadate and focus things at different distanses
-crystallin and polymerizes w/ age and exposer to UV light |
|
|
cataracts?
|
polymerization of crystalline lens- can be replaced but can't always compensate
|
|
|
retinal scan scans what?
|
the choroid: nervous tissue/blood vessels
|
|
|
Images from far:
come in- need to be bent/adjusted- lens is- --- ciliary muscle ----tension |
bent
a lot thick contract -less |
|
|
Images from close:
come in- need to be bent/adjusted- lens is- --- ciliary muscle ----tension |
straight
veryu little thin relax more |
|
|
2 major roles of the ear?
|
equilibrium and hearing
|
|
|
What kind of receptors are responsible for equilibrium and abalnce?
|
mechano/stretch
|
|
|
frequency?
|
how often a wave comes
|
|
|
high frequency =....wavelength
|
short
|
|
|
what determines how loud a sound is?
|
the amplitude, force and energy
|
|
|
describe the transduction from air to vibration
|
from air to moving the ear drum to moving the bones to moving the liquid to bummping the mechano receptor to creating an action potential
|
|
|
do more neurons make a louder sound?
|
yes
|
|
|
parts of outer ear?
|
pinna and external auditory canal
|
|
|
pinna?
|
skin of ear
catches sound |
|
|
external auditory canal
|
funnels sound to ear drum
|
|
|
parts of middle ear?
|
3 auditory ossicles
|
|
|
what is the stapes? fxn?
|
3rd ossicle in inner ear that pushes agains cochlea
|
|
|
pressure and middle ear?
|
it is full of air and connected to the pharnyx via the Eustation tubes. It equalizes pressure on both sides of the ear drums and drains fluid
|
|
|
parts of the inner ear (bony labryinth)?
|
cochlea
semicircular canals, vestibular canals |
|
|
oval window?
|
hole in bone suurrounding auditory bag, that is pusshed on by third ossicle
|
|
|
round window?
|
final hole in cochlea
|
|
|
path of vibration once it leaves round window?
|
vestibular canal: cohclear duct: typanic canal: hits organ of corti w/ dendrites that sits on stereocilia: hits tectorial membrane: stereocillia bend: AP triggered
|
|
|
what determines (ear parts) the frequencies of the sound?
|
the different places that the tectorial membrane is bumped
|
|
|
what determines (ear parts) the loudness of the sound?
|
the curvature of the corti: more stereocilia bumped makes it louder
|
|
|
where does feed back from equilibrium come from?
|
peripheray
eyes ears: semicircular canal, saccule, utrile |
|
|
ampulla
|
bends hair cells when fluid bumps agains it (movement/acceleration/cupula)
|
|
|
sccule and utricle
|
polymerized protein w/ hair cells in it. When tipped (position of head) sterocillia bends
|
