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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the portions of the upper respiratory tract.
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Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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Name the portions of the lower respiratory tract
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Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
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What are the two cylic phases of breathing?
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Inhalation and exhalation
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What is inhalation?
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Drawing gases into the lungs also called inspiration.
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What is exhalation?
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Drawing gases into the lungs also called expiration.
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What are the functions of the respiratory system?
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Breathing, gas exchange, cas conditioning, sound production, olfaction and immune defense.
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What is the conducting portion?
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The portion that transports air: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles.
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What is the respiratory portion?
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Carries out gas exchange includes the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
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What do the paranasal sinuses do?
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They communicate with the nasal cavity by ducts are are air spaces: frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal and maxillary
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What is the pharynx?
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Also called the throat, a common pathway for food and air. Lined with mucosa and have skeletal muscles for swallowing. Three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx
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What is the nasopharynx?
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First portion of the pharynx. Normally only air passes through. The soft palate blocks food from entering. Has pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids on its posterior wall
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What is the oropharynx?
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Middle portion of the pharynx. Is superior to the hyoid. Common pathway for air and food. Contains the palatine and lingual tonsils.
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What are the anterior and posterior palatoglossal arches?
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Muscles at the entrance to the oral cavity
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What is the fauces?
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A cavity at the back of the mouth leading to the pharynx
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What is the laryngopharynx?
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The most inferior portion of the pharynx. Inferior from the hyoid and continuous with the larynx and esophagus. Passage for both food and air. The larynx forms the anterior wall.
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What is the larynx?
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Also called the voice box. Prevents swallowed material from entering lower respiratory tract. Supported by three individual and three partilage pairs that are held in place by ligaments and muscles
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Name the anterior portions of larynx cartilages.
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Epiglottis, hyoid, thyrohyoid, thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid ligamanet, cricoid cartilage
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Name the posterior portions of larynx cartilages
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Cuneiform cartilage, corniculate cartilage, arytenoid cartilage and cricoid cartilage
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What is the vocal ligament?
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The true vocal cord located inferiorly that produces sound.
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What is the vestibular ligament?
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The false vocal cord located superiorly that doesn't produce sound but helps protect the true vocal ligament
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What determines the sound quality of a voice?
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Tension, length, and position of vocal cords
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Describe the things seen by a laryngoscope ?
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Epiglottis, vestibular folds, vocal folds, aryepiglottic fold, cuneiform cartilage, corniculate cortilage and rima glottidis
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What is the trachea?
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A flexible, slightly rigid windpiple that goes from the larynx to the lungs. Has 15-20 c-shaped cartilaged on the anterior and lateral walls that ensure the trachea stays open. At the sternal angle, it bifurcates to the right and left primary bronchi.
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What is the carina?
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The most interior tracheal cartilage ridge where the trachea birfurcates.
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What are anular ligaments?
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Eleastic sheets that connect the cartialge rings of the trachea
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Describe the left and right primary bronchi.
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Incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage.
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Which bronchi is shorter?
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The right bronchus is shorter wider and more vertical so foreign particles are more likely to lodge in here.
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What are secondary bronchii?
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Branches of the left and right primary bronchii. They are also called lobar bronchi. The left lung has two and the right lung has three to match the amount of lobes.
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What are tertiary bronchii?
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After the secondary bronchi. There are ten in the right lung and between 8-10 in the left lung. Also called segmental bronchus.
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Define the bronchial tree.
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Branches of bronchi that terminate in the terminal bronchioles including primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi and smaller bronchi
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Where does the gas exchange take place in the lungs?
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The respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
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What are alveoli?
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Saccular outpicketings that have thin walls for diffunsion of gases in the lungs. Look like hollow grapes. The lungs have 300-400 million of them and they give the lungs a spongy look. The capillary beds are interwoven here.
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What comprises the repiratory membrane?
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Alveolar endothelium then a layer of fused basement menbrances of alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium and lastly a layer of capillary endothelium
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Trace the pathway of air from the nose
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Air enters either the oral or nasal cavities. Then nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, larynx, trachea, right and left primary broncii, secondary bronchi, teritiary bronchi, smaller bronchi, terminal bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli
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How many lobes to the lungs have?
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Three on the right - superior, middle and inferior and two on the left - superior and inferior
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What separates the lobes of the lungs?
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The left lung has a oblique fissure that separates its superior and inferior lobes and the right lung has the horizontal fissue to separate its superior and middle lobes and the oblique fissure to separate it's middle and inferior lobe
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What goes through the hilum of the lung?
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Pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins and the primary bronchi.
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What is pleaura and where is it located?
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It is composed of simple squamous epithelium. The parietal pleura is on the thoracic wall and the visceral pleura surrounds the lungs
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Describe the lymphatic drainage in the lungs.
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The lymph nodes and vessels are in the connective tissue of the lung, bronchi and pleaura. They collec carbon, duct and pollutants that are not filtered.
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What are the lymph nodes of the lungs?
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Primary, bronchopulmonary and tracheobronchial that all drain to the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct.
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What muscles are involved with inhalation?
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Scalene (forced) external intercostals, serratus posterior superior and the dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata diaphragm.
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What muscles are involved with exhalation?
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Internal intercostals, transversus thoracis, serratus posterior inferior and ventral respiratory group in medulla oblongata
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What structures are unique to the left lung?
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cardiac impression, cardiac notch and lingula
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pulmonary circulation
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pulmonary trunk to right and left pulmonary arteries and then right and left pulmonary veins
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bronchial or systemic circulation
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thoracic aorta to bronchial arteries then bronchial veins to azygos vein and hemiazygos vein
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Define Boyle's Law
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The pressure of gas decreases if the volume of the container increases ie: when we inhale the thoracic cavity increases and interpulmonary pressure decreses so air flows into the lungs and vice versa when we exhale.
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Describe the innervation of the respiratory system
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The trachea, bronchial tree and lungs are innervated by the autonomic nervous system. The never fibers go to the heart and above. It is regulated in the brain stem. Regulatory respiratory centers are located within the reticular formation thru both medulla oblongata and pons.
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What happens to the lungs if you smoke?
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The alveoli become dialated and nonfunctional. The lungs turn from pink to black. You can get squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma
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