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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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command and control policies
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(Standards) Mandate a "desirable" behavior into law, then use whatever enforcement procedures necessary.
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ambient standards
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a "never-exceeded" level for some pollutant in the environment => for environment in general.
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issues with ambient standards
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a)not directly enforcable
b)need to allow for seasonal and daily variation. |
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emissions standards (book:performance based standards)
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a "never-exceeded" level applied directly to emissions comming from pollution sources.
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technology standards
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designates specific equipment or techniques that polluters must adopt. Also includes input standards -> what you can/can't put into products.
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Determinants to benefits/damages (MSB/MD curve)
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a)type of pollutant
b)population (density) c)ecosystem sesitivity d)weather, atmosphere, time, etc.. |
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setting the standards
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1)begins through an adminsitrative/legislative process.
2)once set, standards maintain an all-or-nothing quality. |
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Determanents of abatement costs (MAC curve)
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a)type of pollution.
b)source of pollution (# of sources in the market - MACmkt). c)technology, time. |
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allocative efficiency of standards
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a)Legislative problems (ex. benefits-based standards:no consideration of costs).
b)Imperfect information: (1) Difficult to estimate value of damages. (2) Need each firm's MAC and estimate enforcement costs. c)Regional Differences (urban {higher population} vs. rural). d)Uniformity: if sources are different distances from affected areas. e)policy trade-offs: The more specifically a standard is fitted to any situation, the more efficient it will be , but the more costly it is to gather info, set the standards, and enforce them. |
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Enforcement costs {marginal costs of enforcement - MCE}
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1)Monitoring costs (keep track of firms)
2)Sanctioning costs (costs of prosocuting violators) |
