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Max. resolution of optical microscope

0.2 micrometres




Can barely see mitochondria; can see nucleus

Max. resolution of electronmicroscope

0.0002 micrometres

Max. useful magnification of optical microscope

x 1500

Max. useful magnification of electron microscope

x 1 500 000

Limitations of Electron Microscope

Specimen vacuum; can't be living




Complex staining process; may leave artefacts hard to distinguish from actual specimen




Image not in colour




Specimen must be v. thin (except for scanning EM)





Conditions for homogenisation

Ice cold soln; reduce activity of enzymes which may break down organelles




Isotonic soln.




Buffer soln.

Term for the lightest organelles at top of tube in ultracentrifugation

Supernatant

Stages of cell fractionation

Homogenisation


Filtration


Ultracentrifugation

Term for heavy organelles at bottom

Pellet