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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where is the Sacral Plexus located?
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Lies primarily on the internal surface of the Piriformis muscle, and converge caudally toward the GSF (greater sciatic foramen) exiting the GSF above or below the Piriformis.
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Where is the Superior Gluteal nerve found?
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Exiting GSF above the Piriformis, L5-S1
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What does the Superior Gluteal nerve innervate?
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Supplies glute medius and minimus; tensor fascia lata
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Where is the Inferior Gluteal nerve (L5-S2) found?
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Exiting below Piriformis.
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What does the Inferior Gluteal nerve innervate?
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Supplies gluteus maximus.
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Where is the Sciatic nerve found?
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L4-S3; Below the piriformis, occasionally piercing or splitting it.
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Where does the Sciatic nerve travel?
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Enters posterior thigh between greater trochanter of femur and ischial tuberosity
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What does the Sciatic nerve diverge into at the popliteal fossa?
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Common Peroneal (Fibular) and Tibial nerves.
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Where is the nerve to the Obturator internus found?
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L5-S2 below piriformis; re-enters pelvis via lesser sciatic foramen (LSF) after exiting through the GSF.
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What does the nerve to the Obturator internus innervate?
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Supplies the Superior Genellus, Obturator Internus muscles.
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Where is the nerve to the quadratus femoris found?
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L5-S1 below piriformis
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What does the nerve to the quadratus femoris innervate?
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Supplies the Inferior Genellus, and Quadratus Femoris muscles.
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What division of the VPR is the Superior Gluteal nerve?
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Dorsal division
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What division of the VPR is the Inferior Gluteal nerve?
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Dorsal division
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What division of the VPR is the nerve to the Obturator internus?
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Ventral division
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What division of the VPR is the nerve to the quadratus femoris?
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Ventral division
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What is the Pudendal nerve?
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a somatic nerve in the pelvic region which is a large branch of the sacral plexus (L4-5, S1-4) that innervates the external genitalia of both sexes, as well as sphincters for the bladder and the rectum.
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Where does the Pudendal nerve exit?
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Exits the pelvic cavity via the GSF.
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What division of the VPR is the Pudendal nerve?
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Ventral division
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Where is the Posterior Femoral Cutaneous nerve found?
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Medial to Sciatic nerve in the gluteal region.
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What vertebrae levels is the Dorsal branch of the VPR of the Posterior Femoral Cutaneous nerve found?
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S1-2
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What vertebrae levels is the Ventral branch of the VPR of the Posterior Femoral Cutaneous nerve found?
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S2-3
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What does the Perforating Cutaneous nerve pierce?
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The Sacrotuberous ligament.
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What level and branch of the VPR is the Perforating Cutaneous nerve at?
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Found at the Dorsal branch of the VPR from S2-3.
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What part of the Nervous System are the Pelvic Splanchnic nerves from?
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Parasympathetic
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What level are the Pelvic Splanchnic nerves found at?
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Found at the VPR of S2-4
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What is another name for the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PSNS)?
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Craniosacral Outflow
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What part of the PSNS is the cranial division?
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Cranial Nerves III, VII, IX, X
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What part of the PSNS is the sacral division?
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S2-4
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What mnemonic for remembering the Pelvic Splanchnic nerves?
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S234 keeps the ding dong off the floor.
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What is the Sympathetic Chain?
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A paired bundle of nerve fibers (paravertebral) that run from the base of the skull to the coccyx.
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How many divisions of ganglia are in the Sympathetic Trunk?
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4; Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, and Sacral
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How many pairs of Cervical ganglia are there?
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3 pair; Superior, Middle, Inferior.
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What level is the Superior Cervical Ganglia found at?
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About C1
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What level is the Middle Cervical Ganglia found at?
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C6
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What level is the Inferior Cervical Ganglia found at?
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1st Rib (C7-T1)
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What is Stellate Ganglia?
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When the inferior cervical ganglia is fused with the 1st thoracic ganglia.
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How many pairs are there in the Thoracic division of the Sympathetic Chain?
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11-12 ganglia pair.
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What are the branches of the Thoracic ganglia called?
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Splanchnic nerves
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What are the 3 divisions of the Splanchnic nerves?
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Greater, Lesser, and Least
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What do the Greater Splanchnic Nerves consist of?
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From 5-9th/10th thoracic ganglia, and anterolateral to vertebral column.
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What do the Lesser Splanchnic Nerves consist of?
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Either 9-10th or 11-12th ganglia
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What do the Least Splanchnic Nerves consist of?
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They are the lowest and consist of the 11-12th ganglia.
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How many pair are in the Lumbar division of the Sympathetic Chain?
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5 pair of ganglia.
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How many pair are in the Sacral division of the Sympathetic Chain?
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4 pair, and anterior to sacrum and coccyx.
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What is the name of the ganglion at the coccyx region?
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Ganglion Impar
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What is the function of the Meninges?
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Cover and protect the brain and spinal cord.
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What is Pia Mater?
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the delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
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What is the Arachnoid Mater?
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a delicate fibrous membrane forming the middle of the three coverings of the central nervous system.
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What is the Dura Mater?
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surrounds the brain and the spinal cord and is responsible for keeping in the cerebrospinal fluid
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What is Meningitis?
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inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known collectively as the meninges.
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What can cause Meningitis?
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The inflammation may be caused by infection with viruses, bacteria, or other microorganisms, and less commonly by certain drugs.
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What do the Arachnoid and Pia mater form?
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Leptomeninges
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What does the Cranial Dura consist of?
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2 layers of "Potential" space; Periosteal/Endosteal, and Meningeal.
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What is the Periosteal/Endosteal layer?
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Outer layer that is adhered to inside of the skull.
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What is the Meningeal Layer?
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Inner layer that is closer to the brain.
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What is the Cranial Epidural?
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The "Potential" space between the Dura and the skull.
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What is the Middle Meningeal artery?
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the largest of the three (paired) arteries which supply the meninges
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What can damage Middle Meningeal artery?
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A Pterion fracture.
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What happens if the Middle Meningeal artery were to be damaged?
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Results in an epidural hematoma.
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What is meant by the term: Cranial Subdural?
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The "Potential" space between the Dura and Arachnoid.
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What is a Subdural Hematoma?
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a type of hematoma, a form of traumatic brain injury in which blood gathers within the outermost meningeal layer, between the dura mater, which adheres to the skull, and the arachnoid mater enveloping the brain.
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How many layers does the Spinal Dura contain?
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One Layer.
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How is Spinal Epidural different from Cranial Epidural?
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Is an actual, measurable space with contents in the Vertebral canal.
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What are the contents of the Spinal Epidural?
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Epidural fat, internal vertebral venous plexus, and loose connective tissue.
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What is the space called between the Arachnoid and Pia Mater?
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Subarachnoid space
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What does the Subarachnoid space contain?
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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How much CSF is contained in the Subarachnoid space?
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About 150ml.
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How much CSF is produced in the Subarachnoid space?
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450-600 ml/day.
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What else does the Subarachnoid space contain?
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Ventricles in the brain, cisterns, cerebral aqueducts, and a central canal.
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What is the Lumbar Cistern?
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enlargement of the subarachnoid space between the conus medullaris of spinal cord (about vertebral level L2) and inferior end of subarachnoid space and dura mater (about vertebral level S2); within dural sac.
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What is the superior boundary of the Epidural Space?
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Foramen magnum
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What is the inferior boundary of the Epidural Space?
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S2 in Sacral Canal
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What is the anterior boundary of the Epidural Space?
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IVD/bodies, PLL
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What is the posterior boundary of the Epidural Space?
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Lamina, and ligamentum flavum
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What is the lateral boundary of the Epidural Space?
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Pedicles
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How many arteries supply the Spinal Cord?
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200
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What is the average weight of an adult spinal cord?
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45g or 1.5oz
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What levels does the Spinal Cord terminate at?
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terminates at L1-2 in adult and approximately L3 in newborn
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What part of the brainstem does the spinal cord extend from?
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Medulla oblongata
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What is the term for the inferior end of the spinal cord?
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Conus Medularis
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What is the average length differences of the spinal cord in males and females?
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45cm (18in) in males and 43cm (17in) in females
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What is the function of the Spinal Cord?
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Serves as a conduit for both motor and sensory information.
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What does the spinal cord have to do with reflexes?
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Serves as a cortex for coordinating certain reflexes.
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What forms the Anterior Root?
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Ventral Rootlets from ventrolateral sulcus become the Anterior Root
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What forms the Dorsal Root?
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Dorsal Rootlets from the dorsolateral sulcus become the Dorsal Roots
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Where are the Dorsal Root Ganglion?
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The DRG is situated outside the cord within the IVF.
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What are ganglia?
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Collection of cell bodies outside the CNS
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What do ganglia contain?
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Cell bodies of sensory neurons
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How does a ganglion's axon travel into the spinal cord?
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Dorsal Root
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What are Ventral Roots?
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Axons from motor neurons which carry info from cell bodies within the CNS.
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What is gray matter of the spinal cord?
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Known as the "Gray H" or "butterfly"; it is made of cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons as was as unmyelinated axons.
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What is contained within the "Gray H"?
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Ventral (motor) and Dorsal (sensory) horns
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Where are the Lateral Horns located?
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Between T1-L2 spinal levels
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What do the Lateral Horns contain?
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Cell bodies of Preganglionic Sympathetic nerves.
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How are the gray horns connected?
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The Gray Commissure.
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What is White Matter?
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Outside the "Gray H" consists mostly of myelinated axons both sensory and motor.
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What is the function of the White Matter Columns?
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Carry info either up or down the spinal cord.
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What is the Cauda Equina?
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The Vertebral column continues to grow beyond the rate of the spinal cord. Therefore, the adult cord ends at L1-2; and as a consequence the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerve pairs exit the distal cord, traveling in the lumbar cistern.
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What is the Lumbar Cistern?
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Subarachnoid space inferior to Conus Medullaris.
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What is Cauda Equina Syndrome?
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a serious neurologic condition in which there is acute loss of function of the lumbar plexus, neurologic elements (nerve roots) of the spinal canal below the termination (conus) of the spinal cord.
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What is the Superior Boundary of the Spinal Cord?
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AO Joint or lower part of Decussation of Pyramids.
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What is the Inferior Boundary of the Spinal Cord?
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Conus Medullaris at L1-2
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Why is there an enlargement at the lower cervical and upper thoracic levels?
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Brachial Plexus
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Why is there an enlargement at the Lumbar spine?
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Lumbosacral plexus
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What is the function of the Lateral Corticospinal Tract?
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Fine movements: skilled, voluntary
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What is the function of the Rubrospinal Tract?
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Gross movements; flexor tone (sets up motion)
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What is the function of the Vestubulospinal tract?
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Extensor tone; Coordinate movement between the neck and head with movement of the eye.
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What is the function of the Anterior Corticospinal tract?
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Fine movements of the upper extremity; found only from T2 and up.
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What is the function of the Gracillis tract?
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Lower extremity; runs the whole of the cord
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What is the function of the Cuneatus Tract?
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Upper extremity sensation from T7 and up.
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What are the 7 sensory modalities used to test the Gracillis and Cuneatus tracts?
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Touch, vibration, pressure, 2-point discrimination, stereognosis, proprioception, and graphesthesia.
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What is the function of the Lateral Spinothalamic tract?
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Pain and temperature from body.
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What is the function of the Anterior Spinothalamic tract?
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Crude touch.
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What is the function of the Lissaeur's tract?
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Pain fibers
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What is the function of the Spinocerebellar Tract?
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Runs from cord to cerebellum. Anteriorly and posterioly it carries info from muscle spindles (length of muscle fibers) and joint receptors + GTO's (Golgi Tendon Organs) tension in tendons. Used for fine tuning during movement; precise smooth movements.
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