An Repro Exam 1

Front 1

Define Ampullary-Isthmic Junction

Back 1

The site of fertilization in the female reproductive tract

Front 2

What is the funnel shaped structure at the end of the oviduct aiding in ovum pickup?

Back 2

Infundibulum

Front 3

Define Pheromones

Back 3

Airborne chemical message (odors) which attracts male or female

Front 4

What is the structure in the vagina of the mare that blocks and prevents the backflow of urine into the reproductive tract?

Back 4

The transurethral fold

Front 5

Define caslicks procedure?

Back 5

The surgical procedure to close the upper portion of the vulva in the mare

Front 6

Define mesometrium

Back 6

The portion of the suspensory broad ligament that supports the uterus

Front 7

Define Endometrium

Back 7

The layer of the uterus that produces prostaglandin F2 alpha to kill the CL

Front 8

What does Prostaglandin F2 alpha do?

Back 8

Regress the CL

Front 9

What is the branch of veterinary medicine concerned with reproduction?

Back 9

Theriogenology

Front 10

Define estrus

Back 10

A term describing the period of sexual receptivity in the female

Front 11

What is the action where the hormone acts on the same cell that produced it?

Back 11

Autocrine

Front 12

Define the Graafian Follicle

Back 12

Refers to a large fluid filled dominant preovulatory follicle

Front 13

What are the granulosa cells?

Back 13

These cells line the antral follicle and contain receptors for both LH and FSH and convert testosterone to estrogen

Front 14

Define Fimbria

Back 14

Fringe-like projections on the infundibulum which aid in the pickup of the oocyte

Front 15

_______________ is the action where the hormone is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells.

Back 15

Endocrine

Front 16

What is a material that promotes luteolysis?

Back 16

luteolytic

Front 17

Define hypogastric

Back 17

This artery supplies blood to the cervix, vagina and vulva regions of the female reproductive tract

Front 18

Define the Perimetrium

Back 18

The outer serous layer of the uterus continuous with peritoneum that blocks adhesions?

Front 19

Define paracrine

Back 19

The action where the hormone acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood

Front 20

What is the section of the oviduct closest to the ovary characterized by a larger lumen area and a relatively smaller muscular layer?

Back 20

Ampulla

Front 21

Define Gynecology

Back 21

Relating to the problems of the female reproductive system

Front 22

Define Andrology

Back 22

Relating to the problems of the male reproductive system

Front 23

Define vulvo-vaginal sphincter muscle

Back 23

Restricts to prevent backflow into the reproductive tract of the cow

Front 24

What is the section of the oviduct closest to the uterus characterized by a smaller diameter lumen and a relatively larger circular muscle?

Back 24

Isthmus

Front 25

Define the cumulus oophorus

Back 25

A cluster of cells that surround the oocyte both in the ovarian follicle and after ovulation, which supports oocyte maturation, helps conducts the oocyte into the oviduct, controls the access of spermatozoa to the oocyte during fertilization

Front 26

What is a caruncle?

Back 26

a "button-like" structure on the uterine epithelium which forms the maternal side of the placentome in ruminants

Front 27

What binds estrogen to prevent its transport into the brain?

Back 27

Alpha feto protein

Front 28

What is the female copulatory organ?

Back 28

Vagina

Front 29

What is a corpus albicans?

Back 29

Regressed or degenerate corpus luteum

Front 30

Define Cervical Os

Back 30

Opening to the cervix

Front 31

What is the enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogen?

Back 31

Aromatase

Front 32

Define Fornix vagina

Back 32

That portion of the vagina that forms a "crypt" or "blind pocket" adjacent to the cervical Os

Front 33

______________ is the anatomical region common to both urinary and reproductive tract in the female which contains glands that produce pheromones.

Back 33

Vestibule

Front 34

What is the stage of oocyte development in a graafian follicle before ovulation?

Back 34

Primary oocyte

Front 35

Define suburethral diverticulum

Back 35

a blind pouch located just beneath the urethra

Front 36

What is the portion of the broad ligament that supports the ovary?

Back 36

mesovarium

Front 37

What is a chemical messenger produced by a ductless gland or tissue and carried in the blood to a target organ where it effects a change in cellular activity?

Back 37

hormone

Front 38

Define myometrium

Back 38

The middle (circular and longitudinal) muscular layer of the uterus

Front 39

______________ is membranous smooth muscle layer located along the oviduct, which connects the fimbria and uterus and functions primarily in pulling the fimbria closer to the ovary.

Back 39

Mesotubarium superious

Front 40

What structure on the ovary produced progesterone?

Back 40

Corpus luteum

Front 41

The longitudinal folds are the cervical structures for what animal?

Back 41

Mare

Front 42

Define the uterotubuljunction

Back 42

Functions to prevent polyspermy by restricting the number of spermatozoa entering the oviduct

Front 43

What is the cartilage like structure found in the cervix of the sow?

Back 43

Interdigitating pads

Front 44

Define luteinization

Back 44

The process by which granulosa and theca cells are transformed into luteal cells

Front 45

What contains the oocyte which is surrounded by a single layer of cubodial cells?

Back 45

Primary follicle

Front 46

What are the cartilage like structures found in the cervix of the cow?

Back 46

Annular rings

Front 47

What is progesterone?

Back 47

The steroid hormone required for maintenance of pregnancy

Front 48

Define obstetrics

Back 48

The care of women and their children during pregnancy

Front 49

These anatomical regions are inverted in the ovary of the mare compared to the cow

Back 49

Medulla and cortex

Front 50

What portion of the broad ligament supports the oviduct?

Back 50

Mesosalpinx

Front 51

Define Zona pellucida

Back 51

A thick translucent mucoprotein surrounding the oocyte and early embryo

Front 52

Define corpus hemorrhagicum

Back 52

A collapsed follicle which contains blood, lymph, granulosa and theca cells

Front 53

What is the process whereby luteal tissue undergoes regression?

Back 53

luteolysis

Front 54

Where can ovulation only occur in the mare?

Back 54

Ovulation fossa

Front 55

This artery supplies blood to the ovaries, oviducts, and the upper portion of the uterine horn:

Back 55

The ovarian artery

Front 56

Define uterus

Back 56

This tissue organ connects the cervix to the oviducts that houses the fetus during gestation

Front 57

What artery enlarges during middle and late pregnancy and can be palpated as an aid in pregnancy detection in cows and mares?

Back 57

Middle uterine artery

Front 58

Define cervix

Back 58

The sphincter controlling access between the uterus and the vagina which produces mucus during estrus

Front 59

Define estrous

Back 59

The adjective used to describe the phenomena associated with the period between standing heats

Front 60

What steroid hormone is produced by a large graafian follicle that stimulates the secondary sex characteristics in the female?

Back 60

Estrogen

Front 61

Define the vulva

Back 61

The external opening of the female reproductive tract

Front 62

Every cell produces Prostaglandin F2 alpha. TRUE OR FALSE

Back 62

TRUE; the endometrium just produces it in large amounts

Front 63

What happens to estrogen right before ovulation?

Back 63

We cease producing estrogen

Front 64

_____1_______ --> progesterone --> ______2__________ --> estrogen

Back 64

1. Cholesterol

2. estrogen

Front 65

Name the two types of ovulators

Back 65

1. Induced

2. Spontaneous

Front 66

Define broad ligament

Back 66

Double folding of the peritoneal lining; it supports and houses the vascular system, lymph system, and the nerves that supply the different reproductive portions of the female tract

Front 67

Define peritoneal lining

Back 67

A thin serous semi-transparent connective tissue that lines the body cavity/peritoneal cavity where the internal organs are located

Front 68

What is retroperitoneal development?

Back 68

In early embryonic development, the tract actually develops outside of the peritoneum in a stage called retroperitoneal development

Front 69

List the three components of the BL

Back 69

Mesometrium

Mesovarium

Mesosalpinx

Front 70

Out of the three BL portions, which helps to orientate the Infundibulum which aids in catching the egg when ovulated?

Back 70

Mesosalpinx

Front 71

What does the mesosalpinx do in carnivores?

Back 71

It wraps around the ovaries and forms a bursa, a pouch-like structure around the ovary

Front 72

What does the utero-ovarian ligament do?

Back 72

Provides additional support for the ovary by connecting the ovary to the uterus

- not considered part of BL

Front 73

What is the opening into the vagina called?

Back 73

Vestibule

Front 74

What are the names of the two parts of the vulva?

Back 74

Labia minor and labia major

Front 75

What are the names of the four parts of the estrous cycle (in order)?

Back 75

A. Metestrus

B. Diestrus

C. Proestrus

D. Estrus

Front 76

Back 76

learn

Front 77

Back 77

learn

Front 78

Back 78

learn

Front 79

Back 79

learn

Front 80

Back 80

learn

Front 81

Define hymen

Back 81

Membrane at junction of vagina and vestibule

Front 82

What two phases of the estrous cycle constitute as the luteal phase?

Back 82

Metestrus and Diestrus

Front 83

What two phases of the estrous cycle constitute as the follicular phase?

Back 83

Proestrus and Estrus

Front 84

When progesterone is being produced, the cycling continues. TRUE OR FALSE

Back 84

FALSE; When progesterone is in control, cannot cycle

Front 85

Estrogen brings on standing heat. TRUE OR FALSE

Back 85

TRUE

Front 86

How long is the estrous cycle?

Back 86

21 days

Front 87

How long does Metestrus last?

Back 87

about 5 days

Front 88

How long does Diestrus last?

Back 88

About 10 days

Front 89

What phase happens between the 15th and 20th day of the estrous cycle?

Back 89

Proestrus

Front 90

What phase happens in the last day of the estrous cycle?

Back 90

Estrus

Front 91

Describe the cervix of a sow

Back 91

Interdigitating pads

Front 92

Describe the cervix of bovine and sheep

Back 92

Cervical/annular rings

Front 93

Describe the cervix of a goat

Back 93

cervical folds

Front 94

Describe the cervix of a mare

Back 94

longitudinal folds

Front 95

Isthmus serves as a reservoir for sperm. TRUE OR FALSE

Back 95

TRUE

Front 96

What is a female gamete?

Back 96

Oocyte (egg)

Front 97

List 3 of the 8 overall functions of the female reproductive tract

Back 97

1. Control activity of organs

2. Produce oocyte

3. Transport sperm and oocyte

4. Facilitate fertilization

5. Provide environment for embryo and fetus

6. Give birth to fetus

7. Recycle to become pregnant again

8. Provide nutrients for young

Front 98

Fertilization takes place in the uterus. TRUE OR FALSE

Back 98

FALSE; it takes place in the oviduct

Front 99

Define uterine involution

Back 99

The uterus returning to positive energy balance (or normal) after partrition

Front 100

How does an animal recycle to be able to become pregnant again?

Back 100

Uterine involution

Front 101

What button-like structures are on the uteri of ruminants but not in other species?

Back 101

Caruncles

Front 102

List the differences of a mare's repro tract in comparison to other animals

Back 102

Orientation of the uterus

Cervix

Clit is very visible

Front 103

List the differences in the repro tract of a bitch in comparison to other species

Back 103

Long uterine horns

Large vagina to match a dog's penis which expands and locks in

Front 104

List the differences in the repro tract off a Queen in comparison to other species

Back 104

Placental attachment

Hemosiderin macrophages (iron storage complex)

Front 105

The ovary is only an endocrine function. TRUE OR FALSE

Back 105

FALSE; the ovary is both an endocrine and an exocrine function

Front 106

Where are the eggs at inside the ovary?

Back 106

The cortex

Front 107

Where do 85% of ovarian cancers spur from?

Back 107

Germinal epithelium

Front 108

What is the name of the slick layer around the outside of the ovary?

Back 108

The germinal epithelium

Front 109

What is the hilus structure of the ovary?

Back 109

Neck of the ovary where everything enters

Front 110

What covers the tunica albiginea?

Back 110

Germinal epithelium

Front 111

Describe the germinal epithelium

Back 111

Continuous with peritoneal lining

- Single layer of cubodial cells

- prevents adhesions

- does not produce germ cells

- breaks at ovultion

Front 112

Describe the tunica albiginea

Back 112

Dense white connective tissue layer

Provides structure to the ovary

Front 113

What part of the ovary contains connective tissue and blood vessels, lymphatic and nerves?

Back 113

Medulla

Front 114

Which part of the ovary allows vessels, nerves, and ducts to enter?

Back 114

Hilus

Front 115

What is the central part of the ovary?

Back 115

Medulla

Front 116

What part of the ovary contains the germ cells?

Back 116

Cortex

Front 117

Labe

Back 117

Cortex

Medulla = center part

Germinal epithelium covers the tunica albiginea which covers the cortex

Hilus is the neck portion

The lines are the blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

Front 118

What part of the ovary contains the CL?

Back 118

Cortex

Front 119

You can palpate the CL in a mare. TRUE OR FALSE

Back 119

FALSE; The mare would have an ovulation fossa and the CL would be internal

Front 120

Where can ovulation occur on a species besides the mare?

Back 120

Ovulation can occur on any point of the cortex layer on the outside

Front 121

What are the two different development stages?

Back 121

Oocyte and follicle

Front 122

List the different phases of development for the oocyte

Back 122

Primary oocyte

Secondary oocyte

Ootid

2nd stage of oocyte arrest; zygote L

Front 123

List the different phases of development for the follicle

Back 123

Primordial follicle

Primary follicle

Proliferating primary

Secondary follicle

Tertiary follicle/Antral/Graafian follicle

Front 124

When will the egg be the largest single cell in the body?

Back 124

When the egg is ovulating

Front 125

What stage of meiosis is the primary oocyte in?

Back 125

Meiosis IW

Front 126

What stage of meiosis is the secondary oocyte in?

Back 126

Meiosis II

Front 127

What stage of meiosis is the ootid in??

Back 127

Transition phase, completion of meiosis II

Front 128

What is this?

Back 128

Oocyte

Front 129

What stage is this?

Back 129

Primary follicle and primary oocyte

Front 130

What stage is this?

Back 130

Secondary follicle and primary oocyte

Front 131

What stage is this?

Back 131

Graafian follicle and primary oocyte

Front 132

What stage is this?

Back 132

Ovulation and secondary oocyte

Front 133

What stage are we in when you see one polar body next to the oocyte?

Back 133

Secondary oocyte

Front 134

What is an ootid?

Back 134

The oocyte after the 1st meiotic division in which the polar body is present

Front 135

When is the 2nd stage of oocyte arrest completed?

Back 135

Just prior to/at time of fertilization

Front 136

What does it mean when we see two polar bodies?

Back 136

We know we've been through meiosis II; the second polar body just degenerates

Front 137

What is the zona pellucida?

Back 137

hard level around the egg; super protective layer; very impenetrable

Front 138

Females are born with a defined number of oocytes. TRUE OR FALSE

Back 138

TRUE

Front 139

What does an LH surge do?

Back 139

Causes ovulation which results in completion of meiosis I around the time of ovulation

Front 140

Cow ovulates _____ oocyte; mare and bitch ovulate ____ oocyte.

Back 140

2'; 1'

Front 141

Polar body is released to remove "excess ___________."

Back 141

DNA

Front 142

Describe a primordial follicle

Back 142

Microscopic

Oocyte surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells

Immature and smallest follicle in ovarian cortex

Front 143

Describe a primary follicle

Back 143

Oocyte surrounded by a single layer of cuboidal cells

Resting stage W

Front 144

What is the stage that a majority of follicles are in?

Back 144

Primary

Front 145

Describe a secondary follicle

Back 145

Surrounded by several layers of follicular (granulosa cells)

NO ATRUM (no fluid-filled cavity)

Front 146

Describe a graafian follicle

Back 146

Follicle forms a fluid filled cavity differentiation of several distinct cell layers in the follicle wall

Front 147

At what follicle point do we lost progesterone?

Back 147

Dominant follicle

Front 148

About how long does it take to get to the antral follicle?

Back 148

About 2 months

Front 149

What do you administer for ovulation?

Back 149

GnRH

Front 150

What hormone causes muscle contractions?

Back 150

Oxytocin

Front 151

What does the Zona Pellucida look like under a microscope?

Back 151

A halo around the egg

Front 152

What group of cells comes in direct contact with the oocyte?

Back 152

Corona Radiata

Front 153

What do the large luteal cells produce? Where do these hormones come from?

Back 153

Progesterone - CL

Relaxin -

Oxytocin -

Front 154

What do the small luteal cells produce?

Back 154

Progesterone

Front 155

What do we need to do with follicular cysts?

Back 155

Increase LH levels by giving GnRH to make cysts ovulate

Give PF2alpha to make cysts regress

Front 156

Sialomucin:

Where is it produced and describe

Back 156

Low viscosity (privelaged pathway)

Its like a straw as a pathway through the cervix

Front 157

Sulfomucin:

Where is it produced and describe

Back 157

High viscosity (nothing gets through it)

Ferning crosslinked pattern

Front 158

Define gartners tubules

Back 158

Fetal vestige (remnant) of the wolffian duct (leftover male tract that didnt regress - wont cause problems)

Front 159

Define and explain Embryo

Back 159

An organism in the early stages of development

- generally has not gotten an anatomical formthat is recognizable as a member of a specific species

Front 160

Define totipotency

Back 160

The ability to form any cell type

Front 161

Define multipotency

Back 161

The ability to form a specific type of cell

Front 162

Define pluripotency

Back 162

The ability to form any cell except the placenta

Front 163

Describe In Vitro block cleavage

Back 163

Occurs when embryo genome takes control of development

Front 164

Define morula

Back 164

"Mulberry": cells that are visible in a bunch

Front 165

Define blastocoele

Back 165

The fluid in the center of a blastocyst

Front 166

Define blastocyst

Back 166

Has an innter cell mass with a fluid-filled center

Cells already have polarity

Front 167

Describe the time period of the incidence of pregnancy loss for cattle

Back 167

Greater during embryonic period (day 1 to day 42)

Front 168

How long does it take the embryo to enter the uterus for cattle?

Back 168

3.5 days

Front 169

How long does it take the embryo to enter the uterus for mare?

Back 169

5 days (long entry)

Front 170

How long does it take the embryo to enter the uterus for sheep?

Back 170

3 days

Front 171

How long does it take the embryo to enter the uterus for swine?

Back 171

2 days

Front 172

How long does it take the embryo to enter the uterus for goats?

Back 172

about 3 days

Front 173

Define ootid

Back 173

haploid cell formed by the meiotic division of a secondary oocyte, especially the ovum, as distinct from the polar bodies

Front 174

Define zygote

Back 174

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.