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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a metabolic pathway?
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where chemical reactions occur in a cell
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What happens along a metabolic pathway?
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a specific molecule is altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product
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What is a catabolic pathways?
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a metabolic pathway where complex molecules are broken down to simpler compounds
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What is a major pathway of catabolism?
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cellular respiration
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What happens in cellular respiration?
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sugar glucose, other organic fuels, and oxygen are broken down to carbon dioxide and water
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What are anabolic pathways?
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pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones, aka biosynthetic pathways.
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What is an example of an anabolism?
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The synthesisof a protein fromm amino acids
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How are anabolic and catabolic pathways connected?
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Energy released from catabolism can be used in anabolic pathways
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What is bioenergetics?
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the study of how organisms manage their energy resourcces
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What is energy?
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the capacity to cause change
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What is work?
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to move matter against opposing forces
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What are examples of work?
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gravity and friction
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What is chemical energy?
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the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
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What form can energy be lost in?
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Heat
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What is thermodynamics?
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study of energy transfer
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What is the first law of thermodynamics?
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energy can neither be created or destroyed
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What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?
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energy transformation increases entropy in the universe
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What is entropy?
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a measure of disorder
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What does a process need to occur without an input of energy?
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it needs to increase the entropy of the universe
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What is a spontaneous process?
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occurs without the input of energy
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What does the letter G stand for in biology?
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Gibbs free enrgy system
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What is free energy?
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the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure and uniform throughout the system
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How cant the change in free enrgy be calculated?
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the change in enthalpy (total energy) minus the change in absolute temperature (Kelvin) multiplied by the change in enthropy
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Will the change in temperature be negative or positive if the process is spontaneous?
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negative
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What must a process give up to be spontaneous?
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enthalpy, order or both
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How do you find the change in temperature?
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minus the original amount of free energy from the final state of energy
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Which has higher energy, a stable or unstable system?
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a unstable system
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What has lower energy, a unstable or stable system?
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a stable system.
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What is a name of maximum stability?
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equilibrium
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What happens as a reaction reaches equilibrium?
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the free energy of the reactants and products decreases
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What is the change in free energy for exergonic reactions?
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negative
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What does the magnitude of the change in free energy represent?
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the maximum amount of work the reaction can perform
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What is an exergonic reaction?
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a reaction that releases free energy, negative change in free energy
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What is an endergonic reaction?
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a reaction that needs free energy to occur, nonspontaneous
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What would occur if a cell is at metabollic equilibrium
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it would die
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What are the 3 main kinds of work a cell can do?
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Mechanical, transport, and chemical
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What are examples of mechanical work of a cell?
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the beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells, or the movement of chromosomes
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What are examples of transport work of a cell?
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pumping of substances across membranes against spontaneous movement
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What are examles of chemical work?
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pushing of energonic reactions
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What is energy coupling?
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the use of exergonic reactions to process an endergonic reaction
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What energy is responsibile for mediating most energy coupling in cells?
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ATP
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What is ATP?
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Adenosine triphosphate, contains the sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine and a chain of 3 phosphate groups
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What can break the bond between the phosphate groups of ATP?
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hydrolysis
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