Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Gametophyte
|
Haploid
Microscopic in flowering plants Produce gametes by mitosis |
|
|
Sporophyte
|
diploid
Large "plant" in flowering plants Produces spores by meiosis |
|
|
Seed
|
reproductive structure produced by flowering plants as the result of sexual reproduction
|
|
|
Plant embryo
|
sporohyte that lies dormant within a seed with a supply of stored food and a seed coat.
May lay dormant for long periods until conditions are favorable. |
|
|
What happens to plant embryos?
|
They grows into seedling and then mature plant
|
|
|
Growth
|
increase in size or weight
|
|
|
Development
|
increase in number or organs, accompanied by differentiation
|
|
|
Maristem
|
region of undifferentiated cells producing new tissues by cell division
|
|
|
Basic plant organs
|
roots, stems and leaves
|
|
|
Roots
|
provide anchorage in the soil and foster efficient uptake of water and minerals
|
|
|
Stems
|
produce leaves and branches and bear the reproductive structures
|
|
|
Leaves
|
foliage leaves specialized for photosynthesis
|
|
|
Radical
|
embryonic root, first organ to emerge from germinating seed. Provides water and minerals for growth.
|
|
|
Hypocotyl
|
Produces cotyledons
Eudicots - 2 seed leaves Monocots - 1 seed leaf |
|
|
Endo sperm
|
provides food for early embryo growth
|
|
|
Shoot apical meristem (SAM)
|
Rapidly dividing cells at shoot apices
Produces shoot system |
|
|
Root apical meristem (RAM)
|
Also rapidly dividing cells
Produces root system |
|
|
Vegetative growth
|
Production of tissues by SAM and RAN and growth of mature plant
Plant shoots produce vegetative buds - miniature shoots having a dormant SAM Under favorable conditions, buds produce new stems and leaves Vegetative growth. determinate growth SAMs continously produce new stem tissue and leaves as long as conditions are favorable |
|
|
Reproductive development
|
Mature plants produce flowers, seeds and fruits.
flowers produced by determinate growth Flower tissues enclose and protect tiny male and female gametophytes Fruits enclose seeds and function in seed dispersal |
|
|
Annual
|
plants that die after producing seeds during their first year of life
|
|
|
Biennials
|
plants that do not reproduce the first year but may the following year
|
|
|
Perennials
|
plants that live for more than 2 years. often producing seed each year after maturity
|
|
|
Four processes of plant growth and development
|
Cell division, growth, cell specializtion and apoptosis
Cell migration does not occur in plants |
|
|
Distinctive architecture
|
Upper apical pole and a lower basal pole
SAM at upper pole. RAM at basal pole Radial symmetry |
|
|
Primary meristems
|
SAM and RAM produce additional meristematic tissue that increases plant length and produces new organs
Primary meristems produce primary tissues and organs of diverse types |
|
|
SAM and RAM both produce
|
protoderm - generates dermal tissue
procambium - produces vascular tissues Ground meristem - produces ground tissues defined by location |
|
|
Do plant cell specialization and tissue development depend much on the lineage of a cell or tissue?
|
No
|
|
|
Stem development and structure
|
New primary stem tissues arise by the cell division activities of primary meristems located near the bases of SAMs
Epidermis develops at the stem surface Cortex Stem parenchyma also has the ability to undergo cell division to heal damage |
|
|
Cortex
|
composed of parenchylum tissue
|
|
|
Stems contain?
|
Collenchyma tissue composed of collenchyma cells
Sternchyma tissue composed of fibers and sclerids Vascular tissue made of xylem and phloem arranged in vascular bundles |
|
|
Leaf development and structure
|
Young leaves produced at the side of SAMs in leaf primordia
Flattening expands surface area for light collection Being thin helps shed excess heat bilaterally symmetrical Upper adoxical(stem facing) side Lower abaxial(away from stem) side |
|
|
Eudicots
|
taproot system with a mainroot that produces branch roots
|
|
|
Monocots
|
fibrous root system with multiple root
|
|
|
Adventitious roots
|
produced on the surface of stems of monocots and eudicots
|
|
|
Ever-young stem cells
|
Plant meristems include stem cells
Term stem cell used for plant meristem cells that remain undifferentiated but can produce new tissues Plant stem cell divides to produce one cell that remains unspecialized and another cell that is capable of differentiating into various types of specialized cells |
|
|
Plant cell expansion
|
Growth includes producing new cells and cell expansion
Extension occurs when water enters the central vacuole by osmosis Allows rapid plant growth Expansions wedge cell wall polysaccharides apart allowing enzymes to snip cross links resulting in stretching |
|
|
Shoot system
|
Includes all of a plant's stems, branches and leaves
Also produces flowers and fruits Phytomere |
|
|
Phytomere
|
Shoot module
Stem node - leaves emerge Internode - between adjacent nodes Leaf Axillary meristem - generate axillary buds for lateral shoots |
|
|
Hormones
|
Molecules that influence development at a site distinct for production
|
|
|
Auxin
|
controls production of leaf primordia
Accumulates in particular apical region increasing expansion gene expression |
|
|
Gibberellicacid
|
Produced by leaf primordia not producing KNOSX
stimulates cell division and cell enlargement so young leaves grow larger |
|
|
Leaf form
|
Simple leaves - only one blade, advantagous in shade by providing maximal light absorption
|
|
|
Leaf venation
|
Eudicot leaves have pinnate or palmate venation
Net leaveins provide more support to the leaf Monocot leaves have parallel venation |
|
|
Cuticle
|
on epidermis helps avoid desiccation
Filter UV radiation, reduce microbe and animal attack, and self-cleaning |
|
|
Guard cells
|
regulate stomatal opening and closing
|
|
|
Trichomes
|
offer protection from excessive light, ultraviolet radiation, extreme air temperature, or attack by herbivores
|
|
|
Parenchyma
|
cells of groung tissue that make up the bulk of non-woody structures.
|
|
|
Collenchyma
|
From Greek word "kol-la" meaning "glue"
Provides structural support in growing shoots and leaves Commonly found adjacent to growing tissues Growth is strongly affected by mechanical stress on the plant |
|
|
Sclerenchyma
|
Supporting tissue in plants containing fibres and sclereids
Composed of dead cells with extremely thick cell walls |
|
|
Modified leaves
|
Most leaves function primarily in photosynthesis
can be modified for other roles tendrils tough scales that protect buds poinsetta "petals" cactus spines |
|
|
Herbaleous
|
plants produce mostly primary vascular tissues
|
|
|
Woody
|
plants produce primary and secondary vascular tissue
|
|
|
Xylem
|
unspecialized parenchyma cells
stiff fibers for structural support tracheids and vessel elements conduct water and dissolved minerals |
|
|
Phloem
|
Transports organic compounds and certain minerals
Sieve elements Companion cells aid sieve element metabolism Parenchyma cells Supportive fibers |
|
|
Vascular cambium
|
Produces secondary xylem and secondary phloem
Sceondary xylem conducts most of a woody plant's water and minerals Usually only the current year's production of secondary phloem is active in food transport |
|
|
Cork cambium
|
produces cork
Cork cells dead when mature and layered with lignin and suberin |
|
|
Potato tuber
|
store food
|
|
|
Rhizomes
|
underground stems
|
|
|
What type of roots do eudicots have?
|
taproots
|
|
|
What type of roots do monocots have?
|
fibrous roots
|
|
|
Root growth
|
15 distinct regions of cellular specialization
3 major zones Apical maristem producing root and root cap Zone of elongation Zone of maturation with specialized cells |
|
|
Root meristem and root cap
|
RAM contains stem cells, protoderm, ground meristem and procambium
|
|
|
Zone of elongation
|
Cells extend by water uptake
|
|
|
Zone of maturation
|
Root cell differentiation and tissue specialization
Identified by presence of root hairs absent from older regions |
|
|
Root cortex
|
epidermis of mature roots enclose region of ground parenchyma
often rich in starch |
|
|
Pericycle
|
encloses root vascular tissue
|
