An Introduction To Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

Structure of the body

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

The function of the body

Front 3

Homeostasis

Back 3

The state of balance in your body

Front 4

Surface anatomy

Back 4

The study of general form and superficial markings

Front 5

Regional anatomy

Back 5

Focuses on the anatomical organization of specific areas of the body, such as head, neck, or trunk.

Front 6

Systematic anatomy

Back 6

The study of the structure of organsystems

Front 7

Clinical anatomy

Back 7

Subspecialties in an important clinical practice

Front 8

Developmental anatomy

Back 8

Describes the changes in form that take place between conception and adulthood.

Front 9

Embryology

Back 9

The study of early developmental processes (during the first two months)

Front 10

Cytology

Back 10

The study of the internal structure of individual cells.

Front 11

Histology

Back 11

The examination of tissues

Front 12

Cells

Back 12

The simplest units of life.

Front 13

Tissues

Back 13

Groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to perform specific functions

Front 14

Pathology

Back 14

Study of disease

Front 15

Signs (displays signs of fever)

Back 15

An objective disease indications like a fever

Front 16

Symptoms (patient display symptoms of fever)

Back 16

A subjective disease indications such as tiredness

Front 17

Atoms

Back 17

The smallest stable units of matter

Front 18

System levels in order

Back 18

Cell

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organism

Front 19

Part 1 of Homeostasis regulation

Back 19

Autoregulation: process that occurs when a cell, a tissue, an organ, or an organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change.

Hint 19

Example when oxygen levels decline in a tissue, the cells release chemicals that widen, or dilate, blood vessels.

Front 20

Extrinsic regulation

Back 20

There is a process that results from the activities of the nervous system and endocrine system. These organ systems detect environmental change and send an electrical signal nervous system for chemical messenger endocrine system to control or adjust the activities of another or many other systems simultaneously

Hint 20

When you exercise your nervous system issues commands that increase your heart rate so that blood will circulate faster your nervous system also reduces blood flow to less active organs such as the digestive tract the oxygen in circulating blood is it available to the active muscles which need it most

Front 21

What does the nervous system do?

Back 21

The nervous system directs rapid short-term and very specific responses.

Hint 21

For example when you touch a hot stove the heat produces a painful localized disturbance of homeostasis and your nervous systems response they ordering specific muscles to contract and pull away from the stove

Front 22

What does the endocrine system do?

Back 22

The endocrine system releases chemical Messengers called hormones into the bloodstream

Front 23

Hormones

Back 23

Hormones are molecular Messengers that can affect tissues and organs throughout the body

Front 24

What are the three parts of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms?

Back 24

1. Receptor

a) a receptor is a sensor that is sensitive to a particular stimulus or environmental change

2. Control center

a) the control Centre receives and processes information supplied by the receptor and sends out commands

3. Effector

a) an effector is a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity either opposes or enhances the stimulus.

Front 25

Set point

Back 25

Desired value

Front 26

Integumentary

Back 26

Major organs

Skin, hair, sweat glands,

FUNCTIONS

1) Protects against environmental hazards,

2) helps regulate body temperature, 3)provide sensory information

Front 27

Skeletal system

Back 27

Major organs

Bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow

FUNCTIONS

1)Provides support and protection for other tissues,

2) stores calcium and other minerals, 3) forms blood cells

Front 28

Muscular

Back 28

Major organs

skeletal muscles and associated tendons

FUNCTIONS

1) provides movement

2) provides protection and support for other tissues

3) generates heat that maintains body temperature

Front 29

Nervous system

Back 29

Major Organs

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

FUNCTIONS

1) directs immediate responses to stimuli

2) coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems

3) provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

Front 30

Endocrine system

Back 30

Major organs

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, endocrone tissues in other systems

FUNCTIONS

1) direct long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

2) adjusts metabolic activity and energy used by the body

3) controls many structural and functional changes during development

Front 31

Cardiovascular System

Back 31

Major organs

Heart, blood, blood vessels

FUNCTIONS

1) distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide

2) distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

Front 32

Lymphatic System

Back 32

Major organs

Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils

FUNCTIONS

1) defends against infection and disease

2) returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Front 33

Respiratory System

Back 33

Major organs

Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

FUNCTIONS

1) delivers air to alveoli ( sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs)

2) provides oxygen to bloodstream

3) removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream

4) produces sounds for communication

Front 34

Digestive systems

Back 34

Major organs

Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

FUNCTIONS

1) processes and digest food

2) absorbs and conserves water

3) absorbs nutrients

4) stores energy Reserves

Front 35

Urinary system

Back 35

Major organs

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

FUNCTIONS

1) excrete waste products from the blood

2) controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced

3) stores Urine prior to voluntary elimination

4) regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

Front 36

Male reproductive system

Back 36

Major organs

Testes, epididymides, Ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Penis, scrotum.

FUNCTIONS

1) produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones.

2) Sexual Intercourse

Front 37

Female reproductive system

Back 37

Major organs

Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands

FUNCTIONS

1) produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones

2) supports developing embryo from conception to delivery

3) provides milk to nourish newborn infant

4) Sexual Intercourse

Front 38

The control of room temperature

Back 38

Front 39

Negative feedback

Back 39

A way to counteracting a change.

Hint 39

Example: in thermo regulation, the relationship between heat loss, which takes place mainly at the body surface, and heat production, which takes place in all active tissues, is altered.

Front 40

What is the control center for homeostasis?

Back 40

The hypothalamus, a region of the brain.

Front 41

Where does the hypothalmus control center get information?

Back 41

Two sets of temperature receptors

1) in the skin

2) within the hypothalamus

Front 42

Negative feedback: control of body temperature

Back 42

In negative feedback, a stimulus produces a response that opposes or negates the original stimulus.

Front 43

Vessels diagram (not a definition)

Back 43

Front 44

What 2 things happen when body temperature rises above 37.2 celsius? (98.6 Fahrenheit)

Back 44

1) muscle tissue lining the walls of blood vessels supplying blood to the skin and sweat glands

2) the muscle tissue relaxes so the blood vessels dilate (widen), increasing blood flow through vessels near the body surface, and the sweat glands speed up their secretion of sweat. The skin then acts like a radiator by losing heat to the environment, and the evaporation of sweat speeds the process.

Front 45

In homeostasis, what happens when body temperature regulates?

Back 45

1)The hypothalamus declines, and the thermo regulatory control center becomes less active.

2) Blood flow to the skin and sweat gland activity then decrease to previous levels.

3)Body temperature drops below the set point as the secreted sweat evaporates.

Front 46

What is the primary mechanism for homeostasis

Back 46

Negative feedback

Front 47

Negative feedback

Back 47

A variation outside the set point triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation. Minimizes change.

Front 48

Positive feedback

Back 48

Increase the change that triggered it. Example giving birth

Front 49

Negative feedback: control of body temperature (label the cycle)

Back 49

Front 50

What reasons does temperature vary?

Back 50

1) small fluctuations around the set point

2) changes in the set point

Front 51

What determines homeostatic set points?

Back 51

Genetic factors, age, gender, general health, and environmental conditions.

Front 52

When do positive feedback loops occur?

Back 52

When a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly to restore homeostasis. Example, a severe cut and having loss of blood which lowers blood pressures and reduces the efficiency of the heart

Front 53

Positive feedback blood clotting

Back 53

Front 54

Roles of organ systems in homeostatic regulation

Back 54

Front 55

Superficial anatomy

Back 55

On the surface

Front 56

Frontal

Back 56

Forehead

Front 57

Nasal

Back 57

Nose

Front 58

Ocular or orbital

Back 58

Eye

Front 59

Otic

Back 59

Ear

Front 60

Buccal

Back 60

Cheek

Front 61

Cervical

Back 61

Neck

Front 62

Cephalic

Back 62

Head

Front 63

Cranial

Back 63

Skull

Front 64

Facial

Back 64

Face

Front 65

Oral

Back 65

Mouth

Front 66

Mental

Back 66

Chin

Front 67

Axillary

Back 67

Armpit

Front 68

Thoracic

Back 68

Chest or thorax

Front 69

Mammary

Back 69

Breast

Front 70

Brachial

Back 70

Arm

Front 71

Antecubital

Back 71

Front of elbow

Front 72

Antebrachial

Back 72

Forearm

Front 73

Carpal

Back 73

Wrist

Front 74

Abdominal

Back 74

Abdomen

Front 75

Umbilical

Back 75

Navel

Front 76

Pelvic

Back 76

Pelvis

Front 77

Acromial

Back 77

Shoulder

Front 78

Dorsal

Back 78

Back

Front 79

Olecranal

Back 79

Back of elbow

Front 80

Lumbar

Back 80

Loin

Front 81

Gluteal

Back 81

Buttock

Front 82

Popliteal

Back 82

Back of knee

Front 83

Sural

Back 83

Calf

Front 84

Palmar

Back 84

Palm

Front 85

Pollex

Back 85

Thumb

Front 86

Digits

Back 86

Phalanges or fingers

Front 87

Patellar

Back 87

Knee cap

Front 88

Inguinal

Back 88

Groin

Front 89

Pubic

Back 89

Pubis

Front 90

Femoral

Back 90

Thigh

Front 91

Crural

Back 91

Leg

Front 92

Calcaneal

Back 92

Heel of foot

Front 93

Plantar

Back 93

Sole of foot

Front 94

Tarsal

Back 94

Ankle

Front 95

Hallux

Back 95

Great toe

Front 96

Pedal

Back 96

Foot

Front 97

Supine

Back 97

Face up

Front 98

Prone

Back 98

Face down

Front 99

What are the abdominopelvic quadrants?

Back 99

Right upper right lower left upper left lower

Front 100

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions?

Back 100

Right and left hypochondriac

Right left lumbar

Right lwft inguinal

Epigastric

Umbilical

Hypogastric

Front 101

Anatomical relationships

Back 101

Front 102

Frontal plane

Back 102

Front 103

Sagittal plane

Back 103

Front 104

Pleural cavities

Back 104

Hold the lungs

Front 105

Visceral pleura

Back 105

Covers the outer surfaces of a lung

Front 106

Parietal pleura

Back 106

Covers the mediastinal surface and the inner body wall

Front 107

What does the mediastinum consist of?

Back 107

A mass of connective tissue that surrounds, stabilizes, and supports the esophagus, trachea, and thymus, as well as the major blood vessels that originate or end at the heart.

Front 108

Pericardial cavity

Back 108

A small chamber that surrounds the heart.