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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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steroid hormones
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sex hormone and hormones from the adrenal cortex
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types of steroid hormones
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-aldosterone
-cortisol -androgens -e.g. testosterone |
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hormone in testes
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testosterone
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hormone in overies
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-estrogen
-progerstrogen |
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hormones travle on
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protein carriers in blood plasma
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1the hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane in to cytoplasm,into the nucleus through the nuclear pore
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2once inside the hormone binds with the hormone receptor from hormone receptor complex
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3hormone receptor complex binds to shape a specific receptor on dna like key and lock
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4this stimulates dna,begins protein synthesis , dna makes copy of single stranded molecule called mrna(messanger mRNA) smaller mrna leaves through nuclear pore and it move into cytoplasm
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5mRNA bindsto ribsome,protein factory
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6message by mRNA is ready by ribisome it links free amino acids together to form new protein
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hormones are what based molecules
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acid-based
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organs that respond to a particular hormone
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target hormones
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receptors are also known as
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proteins
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hormone producing glands
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-anterior pituitary
-thyroid -adreanals -parathyroids |
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non-steroid hormones
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water soluble so they are easily transported through the blood
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rapid action(non steroid hormone)
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the produce a response with in seconds or minutes after hormone initally binds to it receptor
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amplification(non steroid hormones)
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the chain reaction in the target cell amplifies the effects of the hormone a little hormone produces a big respose
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non-steroid hormone subdivide chem categories
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proteins-insulin,glucagon,growth (HGH)
glycoproteins-follicle~stimulating hormone(FSH),luteinizing hormone(LH) peptides-antidiuretic hormone(ADH),oxytocin(OT) amino acid derivatives- epinephrine, norepinphrine,and thyroxine(T) |
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hormone travels through blood to target cell, which contains receptor for hormone
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hormonw bind with with receptor to form hormone-receptor complex
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hormone receptor complex trigger protein G to be converted fron inactive to actived form
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actived G protein triggers and enzyme called adenylate cyclase. the function is to catalyzethe conversion or adenosine triphosphate(ATP) into cyclic AMP (cAMP)
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cAMP acts as an enzyme to catalyze the conversion on inactive protein kinase into active protein kinase.
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cAMP is reffered to as a second messanger because its a critical player in the chain reaction and threashhold is required to finall induce a response in the target cAMP
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activated protein kinase transfers a phosphate group from atp into protein
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result phosphorylated protein
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phosphorylated proteins evetually produce cellualar changes in cell
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finnal fate of cAMP is that eithe deactivated or it diffuses out if the cell. th is ensure chain reaction stops
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regulation of blood gluclose levels is controlled by two hormones
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insulin and glucagon
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insulin causes blood glucouse levels to
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decrease
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glucagon causes blood levels to
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increase
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normal blood glucose is about
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90mg/100ml
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blood calcium levels are regulated by two hormones
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-calcitonin(CT)
-parathormone(PTH) |
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calcitonin it produced by the
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thyroid gland
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parathormone(PTH) is produced by the
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parathyroid glands
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calcitonin makes blood calcium levels
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decrease
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PTH causes blood levels to
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increase
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CT targets bone forming cells
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osteoblast
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PTH targets bone degrading cells called
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osteoclast
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pituitary gland is located
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at the base of the brain
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pituitarty gland consist of two lobes
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-anterior lobe
-postterior lobe |
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what is the "master gland"
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pituitary gland
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what gland makes hormones
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master gland or pituitary
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hypothalamus
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controls the pituitary gland with specific bundle of neurons
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pituitary is connect to the hopythalamus by a slender stem like structure called
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infundidulum(pituitary stalk)
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posterior lobe does not produce hormones instead neurons originating in the hypothalamus that extend into the posterior pituitary produce store, and release the following two hormones
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-antidiuretic hormone(Drinking alcohol inhibits ADH – pee lots, diuretics antagonize ADH causing water flushing edema typical of congestive heart failure (water in tissues)
-oxytocin(stimulates contractions of uterus, during sexual relations, and breastfeeding. Also milk ejection. Can be used to stop postpartum bleeding, constricting of blood vessels. Induce labor) |
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blood flow sequence through the posterior pituitary
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inferior hypophyseal a. - callilary network - posterior hypophyseal v.
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two neuron the produce hormones in the hypothalamus
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-paraventtricular nuclei
-supraoptic nuclei |
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hormones are produced in the body then stored in the membrane-bond chambers calledd
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vesicles
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surrounding the pituitary is a protective pocket of the bone called the
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sella turcica of the sphenoind bone
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five diff types of hormone producing cells within the anterior pituitary directly secrete the following seven major hormones
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-adrencortictropic(ACTH)
-follicle~stimulating hormone(FSH) -grow hormone(HGH) -luthernizing hormone(LH) -prolactin(PRL) -thyroid~stimulating hormone(TSH) -melan~stimulating hormone(MSH) |
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anterior pituitary relies on a spelized group of blood vessles called the
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portal stream
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the body has two portal systems
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-hepatic portal system(in the liver)
-hypophyseal portal system( in the anterior pitutary) |
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the highly vascular adrenal (superadrenal) glands are small structures located on top of the
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kidneys
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adrenal glands are divided into two major regions
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-inner adrenal medula
-outter adrenal cortex |
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catecholamine-producing cells (chromaffin cells)"CPS" are located within the
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medulla and are directly stimulated by nerves from the sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
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catecholamine producing cell in the medulla secrete
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-norepinephine(NE) (noradrenaline)
-epinephrine(adrenaline) |
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about 80% of the catecholamine producing cells secrete
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epinephrine
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20% of catecholamine producing cells secrete
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nonepineprine
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in fight or flight your couscious thoght sends a nerve impulse from your ____ to your ____
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cereberal cortex, hypothalamus
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sypathetic nerves release neurotrensmmitters called
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acetylcholine(ACh)
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when a hormone binds to its receptor the following happens
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-the heart rate increases(blood preassure increases)
-blood vessles constrict(blood pressure increases) -bronchioles dilate -the liver converts glycogen to glucose(increase blood glucose levels) |
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adrenal cortex divided into three zones
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-zona glomerulosa(mineralocoticoids) ex:aldosterone)
-zona fasciculata (glucocrticoids) (cortisol) -zona retcularis (androgens) (testosterone) |
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aldosterone controls levls of Na+,K+
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sodium(Na+),potassium(K+) ion in extracellular fluids(such as blood)
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stimuli for aldesterone release
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-decrease in sodium levels in plasma or increase in patassium levels
-decrease in blood volume and or blood pressure |
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kidneys detect these stimuli and cause a chemical chain reaction called
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renin-angiotensin-alodesterone
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protein breakdown into amino acids (mostly in sketal muscle) these amino acids enter the blood and travle to body cells where they can be either
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use to make new proteins or produce ATP
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gluconeogenesis is the process that ocurss in the liver cells where a non -carbohydrate such as a amino acid or lactic acid is converted into glucose
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the glucose is then used by the body cells to produce APT
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lipolysis is the process of taking triglycerides stored in adipose tissue and coverting them into fatty acids and glycerol
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cells can then use then use the gly cerol and fatty acids to produce ATP
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stress resistance is the glucose produces by liver cells in gluconeogensis allows the body to produce ATP
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this suppyly of ATP allows the body to battle many different types of stress
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adrenal cortex of both sexs produce small amounts of an androgen called
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dehydroepiandrostone(DHEA)
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