Amt Applied Neurology Test 1

Front 1

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Back 1

Regulation of homeostasis;
Sensory fx: sensory input;
Integrative fx: analysis, storage & decision of sensory input;
Motor fx: response by activating effector organs

Front 2

What are the different types of neurons?

Back 2

Sensory, motor & interneurons

Front 3

What is the function of a sensory neuron?

Back 3

To transmit sensory impulses from the skin/organ to the CNS

Front 4

What is the function of a motor neuron?

Back 4

To carry impulses away from the CNS to the effector organs.

Front 5

What is the function of an interneuron?

Back 5

It is most abundant and communicates between different types and numbers of neurons.

Front 6

What are the different types of neuroglia?

Back 6

Astrocytes, microglia, epedymal cells, oligodendrocytes, satellite cells & Schwann cells

Front 7

What is the function of astrocytes?

Back 7

Form the blood brain barrier

Front 8

What is the function of microglia?

Back 8

Macrophages

Front 9

What is the function of epedymal cells?

Back 9

They line the cavities of brain/spinal cord and propel cerebral spinal fluid

Front 10

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

Back 10

Produce myelin

Front 11

What is the function of satellite cells?

Back 11

They surround the neuron cell body

Front 12

What is the function of Schwann cells?

Back 12

Myelin; an intact neurolemma is vital for peripheral nerve regeneration.

Front 13

What neuron type is entirely present within the CNS?

Back 13

Interneurons

Front 14

What has the possiblity to regenerate?

Back 14

Peripheral nerve cells (schwann cells)

Front 15

What must peripheral nerves have to regenerate?

Back 15

An intact neurolemmacyte

Front 16

What is the order of the phases of an action potential?

Back 16

Resting potential, depolarizing phase, repolarizing phase, hyperpolarization phase & sodium-potassium pump

Front 17

What happens during resting potential?

Back 17

Gives the neuron a break

Front 18

What happens during depolarizing phase?

Back 18

Sodium (Na+) ions move inside

Front 19

What happens during repolarizing phase?

Back 19

Potassium (K+) ions move outside

Front 20

What happens during hyperpolarization phase?

Back 20

More K+ ions are on the outside than there are sodium ions on the inside.

Front 21

What does the sodium-potassium pump do?

Back 21

Corrects any imbalance of ions, puts everything back to normal

Front 22

What cell is responsible for the function of the nervous system?

Back 22

Neurons

Front 23

What does the PNS consist of?

Back 23

31 pair of spinal nerves, 12 pair of cranial nerves & the ANS

Front 24

What does the CNS consist of?

Back 24

Brain & spinal cord

Front 25

What are the components of a reflex arc?

Back 25

Receptor, center, motor neuron, effector

Front 26

What is the function of a receptor?

Back 26

Detects stimuli

Front 27

What is the center?

Back 27

The CNS (spinal cord)

Front 28

What is the function of a sensory neuron?

Back 28

Carries afferent impulses to CNS

Front 29

What is the function of a motor neuron?

Back 29

Carries efferent impulses away from the CNS

Front 30

What is an effector?

Back 30

A muscle/gland that responds to the efferent impulses.

Front 31

What is reciprocal inhibition?

Back 31

A muscle's automatic response to a contraction of its antagonist.

Front 32

What are the charges of a resting nerve cell?

Back 32

Positive on the outside; negative on the inside

Front 33

What is a synapse?

Back 33

A microscopic space in which extracellular calcium (Ca2+) enters the axon terminal and forces the vesicles to release their neurotransmitter substance.

Front 34

What is an arc?

Back 34

A neural pathway that links a sensory receptor and an effector

Front 35

What is the difference between mono and polysynaptic reflexes?

Back 35

Mono: 1 motor neuron, no interneurons

Poly: Multiple motor & interneurons

Front 36

What is the difference between self-propagation & saltatory conduction?

Back 36

Self-propagation: AP starts at one end of the axon and is conducted away from that point to the axon's terminal.

Saltatory conduction: AP is triggered only at the nodes of Ranvier

Front 37

What ion must enter the neuron in order for the neurotransmitter to be released?

Back 37

Calcium

Front 38

Which reflex has a contralateral effect?

Back 38

Cross extensor reflex

Front 39

What are endoneurium, perineurium & epineurium?

Back 39

Endoneurium: each nerve fiber/cell & myelin is wrapped in connective tissue

Perineurium: Groups of fibers are bound into bundles/fascicles

Epineurium: encloses groups of fascicles

Front 40

What is the difference between ipsilateral & contralateral?

Back 40

Ipsilateral: same side

Contralateral: different side

Front 41

What are Nissl bodies?

Back 41

Rough ER

Front 42

What is myelin?

Back 42

Lipoid substance found in the myelin sheath around some nerve fibers

Front 43

What is the most abundant neurotransmitter?

Back 43

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Front 44

What are the different types of receptors?

Back 44

Mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, chemoreceptors, photoreceptors, nociceptors

Front 45

What is the function of mechanoreceptors?

Back 45

When tissues are deformed by mechanical forces (touch, pressure)

Front 46

What is the function of thermoreceptors?

Back 46

Sensitive to temperature changes

Front 47

What is the function of photoreceptors?

Back 47

Respond to light energy (eye)

Front 48

What is the function of chemoreceptors?

Back 48

Respond to chemicals in solutions (smell, taste)

Front 49

What is the function of nociceptors?

Back 49

Respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain

Front 50

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

Back 50

Indentations that are found between adjacent Schwann cells