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22 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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cerbrospinal fluid
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The fluid which surrounds the brain and helps to protect the brain. Contains proteins, salt, and glucose.
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page 51
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meniges
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The three protective layers around the brain and spinal cord. The inner is pia mater, than arachnoid, than the thickest dura mater. Only the pia mater contains blood vessels to the brain.
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page 52
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Brains consumption of oxygen and glucose
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The brain alone uses 20% of the body's oxygen and glucose. Any decrease in both or one often lead to atler LOC.
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page 52
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What are the five regions of the brain?
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The cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, the limbic system, and the brain stem.
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page 53
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Cerebrum
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Consist of the cerebral cortex, also called neural cortex or gray matter, is the outermost layer of the cerebrum. The is the highest-functioning part of the brain.
The cerebrum is divided into right and left hemispheres which control opposite sides of the body. |
page 53
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The left brain
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The left cerebrum hemisphere is often called the "logical brain." It is responsible for reading, writing, math, and analytic(analyze) tasks.
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page 55
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The right brain
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The right cerebrum hemisphere is often called the "creative brain." It is responsible for interpreting sensory information and processing spatial(space) awareness.
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page 55
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Cerebellum
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Second largest part of the brain, located posterior to the cerebrum and above the brainstem. Responsible for movements, balance, and posture.
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page 55
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Diencephalon
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Located towards the center of the brain, made up of two structures, the amygdala and the hippocampus. It is referred to as the "primitive brain" because it controls basic survival instincts and many behavioral responses that constitute key features of our personalities, such as positive or negative outlook. Its responsible for intense feelings-fear, anger, anxiety, sexual desire, appetite, love.
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page 55
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Brainstem
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Connects the spinal cord to the brain, mede up of medulla and pons. The medulla controls basic physiologic functions such as breathing and heart rate. The pons connects the cerebellum to the medulla and is responsible for fascial expression.
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page 55
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Ventricles
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Cavity-like spaces filled with CSF, constantly produced by the capillary network within the ventricles.
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page 55
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Delirium
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An acute alteration in cognition characterized by impaired awareness, confusion, and disturbances of perception such as hallucinations or delusions. Often cause by illness in very young and old. Causes also include, intoxication, infection, trauma, seizure, endocrine disorders, organ failure, stroke, shock, conversion disorder, intracranial bleeding, and tumor.
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page 57
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Important consideration with seizure
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Seizure can be a symptom of another condition such as head injury, stroke, meningitis, toxins, low or high blood glucose, etc.
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page 58
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storke
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Also called brain attack, or Cerebrovascular Accident. However CVA is being abandon because a stoke is preventable, not an accident.
Defined as when blood flow to the brain becomes obstructed or interrupted, causing brain cells to die. Two types ischemic cause by clot or blockage of blood vessel, or hemorrhagic cause by rupture blood vessel. Ischemic is more common. |
page 62
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Signs and Symptoms of Stroke
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Presentation can differ drastically base on area of brain effected.
Key findings are unilateral facial droop, unilateral weakness, speech disturbances, lack of balance/vertigo, and altered mental status. |
page 64
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Treatment of Stroke
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Transport to a Stroke Center. Fibrinolytic agents can be given within 3 hours(some stroke centers use up to 4 and half hours) of last time patient know to be normal.
Best postion is supine with head slightly elevated if ischemic stroke is suspected. Do not over heat patient as hyperthermia accelerates ischemic brain injury. Seizure meds and ASA may be used per medical control. |
page 65
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Signs, Symptoms, and Treatment of Menigitis
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Menigitis is inflamaiton of the menigies which surround the brain and spinal cord. The CSF will show signs of infection. Can be caused by infectious and nonifectious disease but common life threat is bacterial infection. CSF lacks white blood cells or antibodies so infection goes uncontrolled.
Classic symptoms include headache, nuchal rigidity, fever and chills, and photophobia. Can also cause seizures, alter LOC, coma, and death. Treatment is standard ABC, oxygen, IV, EKG, etc. IV antibiotics and steroids will be given at hospital once diagnosis is definitive. |
page 73-75
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Menigitis PPE notes
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Droplet precautions should be taken. Any possible exposure may call for prophylactic antibiotics.
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page 75
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Encephalitis
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Encephalitis is general inflammation of the brain that causes focal or diffuse brain dysfunction. Signs and symptoms are similar to meningitis including fever, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, headache, and stiff neck. Key findings are alteration in brain function including disorientation, behavior change, motor or sensory deficits.
Treatment is standard, antivirals are usually given at the ER. ICP may be treated with diuresis, mannitol, and/or steroids. |
page 75-76
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Encephalitis PPE
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If you suspect encephalitis, protect yourself by wearing a mask, gown, and gloves to prevent airborne transmission of paticles. Place mask on patient for additional barrier.
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page 76
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Signs and Symptoms of Seizure
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A seizure is an abnormal sudden burst of neuronal discharges in the brain that can cause loss of or alteration in consciousness, convulsions or tremors, incontinence, behavior changes, subjective changes in perception (taste, smell, fears), and other symptoms.
Generally start tonic with uncontrolled flexion of head trunk, or extremities. Than moves to clonic with rhythmic jerking of extremities and/or neck, with or without the loss of consciousness. Patients are generally postictal for variable lengths after seizure with alter LOC and confusion. |
page 77
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Treatment for Seizure
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Place padding and remove hazards. Oxygen especially during seizure if possible as pt breathing stops or is ineffective during seizure, providing ventilaiton.
During postictal state, supportive care is the best treatment. They may be hostile, be patient. Start IV and give bezodiazepines per protocol. Pay special attention to EKG initially because V-Tach can mamic seizure like activity. |
page 78
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