Amino Acid Synthesis And Degredation

Front 1

Purines

Back 1

Adenine and Guanine

Front 2

Pyrimidines

Back 2

Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine

Front 3

Function of Tetrahydrofolate(FH4)

Back 3

Function in the body is to pick up a one carbon group from some source and donate it for building projects like nucleotide synthesis

Front 4

Tetrahydorfolate Derivatives / FH4

Back 4

methylene tetrahydrofolate, methenyltetrahydrofolate, formimino tetrahydofolate, methyl tetrahydrofolate **what they all have in common is that they would all be tetrahydrofolate carrying a 1 carbon group

Front 5

Megaloblastic/macrocytic anemia

Back 5

Average size of red blood cell looks too large (megalo/macro) and there are not enough of them (anemia). If you had a folate deficiency the rbc's developing in your bone marrow would have trouble making enough nucleotides form making DNA for cell division. There wouldn't be enoufh rbc's coming out of the bone marrow, and if the rbc's can't divide there would be a time were they would get bigger.

Front 6

What is the main source of a one carbon group for the FH4 pool?

Back 6

Serine

Front 7

What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of serine hydroxylated to form glycine and the donation of a methylene (CH2) group to FH4?

Back 7

Serine Hydroxymethyl Transferase

Front 8

Folic acid ---> ? ----> ?

Back 8

dihydrofolate ---> tetrahydrofolate

Front 9

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the production of dihydrofolate and tetrahydrofolate

Back 9

dihydrofolate reductase

Front 10

What is the reducing agent required to reduce folic acid and dihydrofolate?

Back 10

NADPH

Front 11

What amino acid is required for synthesis of nitric oxide?

Back 11

Arginine

Front 12

What enzyme is required for synthesis of nitric oxide?

Back 12

Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS)

Front 13

NO production in endothelial cells

Back 13

NO is produced in endothelial cells which line the walls of blood vessels. The endothelial version of NOS is eNOS. eNOS is famous for causing vasodialation and lowering blood pressure

Front 14

What is the neural version of NOS

Back 14

nNOS

Front 15

Cells of the immune system and NOS

Back 15

Cells of the immune system in and inflammatory response can also make NO. Their version of NOS is inducible. Inducible form of NOS is referred to as iNOS

Front 16

What does GABA stand for?

Back 16

Gamma amino butyric acid

Front 17

What amino acid is required for synthesis of GABA?

Back 17

Glutamate

Front 18

What kind of rxn is required for the synthesis of Glutamate to GABA?

Back 18

Decarboxylation - by Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD)
PLP is required as a cofactor.

Front 19

What is the structure of GABA?

Back 19

NH3+ - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - COOH

Front 20

What is GABA classified as?

Back 20

Inhibitory neurotransmitter / making neurons less likely to depolarize / Making them hyperpolarizeed

Front 21

What is glutamate formed from?

Back 21

Glutamine via Glutaminase Enzyme

Front 22

Amino Acid required for synthesis of Histamine?

Back 22

Histidine / HIstidine is decarboxylated by histidine decarboxylase (which needs PLP as a cofactor)

Front 23

What is histamine known for?

Back 23

It is famous for being a messenger in allergic rxn's. It is also involved in delivering messages from stomach acid secretion.

Front 24

Where does synthesis of Melatonin occure?

Back 24

In cells of the pineal gland.

Front 25

Enzyme required for catalysis of Dihydrofolate to Tetrahydrofolate

Back 25

Dihydrofolate reductase

Front 26

Reducing agent requiered for Dihydrofolate Reductase Reaction

Back 26

NADPH

Front 27

What is dTMP required for?

Back 27

The synthesis of DNA

Front 28

What does dTMP stand for?

Back 28

deoxythymidine monophosphate

Front 29

What is the major source of carbon in the one carbon pool?

Back 29

Serine

Front 30

What is the enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of thymine nucleotides (TMP) from uracil nucleotides (UMP)?

Back 30

Thymidylate synthase

Front 31

What enzyme does 5-fluorouracil inhibit?

Back 31

5-fluorouracil inhibits thymidylate synthase

Front 32

What type of drug is 5-flurouracil?

Back 32

Cancer Chemo Therapeutic Drug

Front 33

What does 5-fluorouracil do by inhibiting thymidylate synthase?

Back 33

It inhibits the formation of TMP (thymidine monophosphate). TMP is needed for the synthesis of DNA; therefor DNA synthesis is affected in the cancer cells as well as the cells in the entire body.

Front 34

What does methotrexate inhibit?

Back 34

Methotexrate inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

Front 35

Acetylserotonin --> melatonin is an example of what kind of methylation?

Back 35

O methylation

Front 36

Adenosine is a

Back 36

nucleoside attatched to a ribose

Front 37

What is the enzyme's name that catalyzes hydrolysis of s- adenosyhomocysteine to homocysteine?

Back 37

S-Adenosyl homocysteine hydolase

Front 38

What enzyme recycles methionine from homocysteine? What cofactor is required?

Back 38

methionine synthase
cofactor - vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

Front 39

Enzyme that turns methionine into SAM?

Back 39

methionine adenosyl transferase

Front 40

folate deficiency leads to ?

Back 40

macrocitic megaloblastic anemia

Front 41

Is the reaction catalyzed by methylene tetrahydrofolate reversible?

Back 41

No

Front 42

If a person has adequate amounts of folate but is deficient in vitamin B12 than what deficiency can occure/ also known as functional folate deficiency?

Back 42

Macrocitic megaloblastic anemia

Front 43

If methylmalonic acid is elevated than a person probably has a ?

Back 43

vitamin B12 deviciency

Front 44

Methionine synthase requires what two B vitamins?

Back 44

Vitamin B12 and Vitamin B1

Front 45

Vitamin B6 is also known as?

Back 45

Pyridoxal phospate PLP

Front 46

What enzyme catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from betaine to homocysteine?

Back 46

Betaine : homocysteine methyl transferase

Front 47

Betaine is also known as ?

Back 47

Trimethylglycine

Front 48

What is choline's structure?

Back 48

OH - CH2 - CH2 -N+ - (CH3)3

Front 49

How many oxidation reactions are needed to make Betaine from choline?

Back 49

2

Front 50

What amino acid is required for the synthesis of seretonin?

Back 50

Tryptophan

Tryptophan is hydroxylated by Tryptophan hydoxylase which requires tryptophan hydroxylase and Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as a cofacactor

Front 51

What amino acid is required for the synthesis carnitine?

Back 51

Lysine and three methionine's in the form of SAM

Front 52

What enzyme has a deficiency in non - classical PKU disease?

Back 52

dihydropteridine reductase

Front 53

What is the body's precursor for BH4/ Tetrahydrobiopterin?

Back 53

GTP (Guanosine Triphosphate)

Front 54

What amino acid is required for the synthesis Glutathione?

Back 54

Cysteine, Glycine, Glutamate

Front 55

What enzyme reduces hydogen peroxise to water?

Back 55

Glutathione peroxidase

Front 56

Glutathione peroxidase catalyzes

Back 56

GSH + GSH ---> GSSG
Disulfide bond H202 is reduced to 2H2O

Front 57

What enzyme reduces Glutathione Disulfide back to 2 Glutathiones?
What is the reducting agent?

Back 57

Glutatione reductase

NADPH

Front 58

What is the major pathway that provides NADPH?

Back 58

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Front 59

What amino acid is required for the synthesis of conjugated bile salts?

Back 59

Glycine and Taurine

Front 60

What amino acid is required for the synthesis of Taurine

Back 60

Cysteine

Front 61

What amino acid is required for the synthesis of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

Back 61

Tryptophan

Front 62

What amino acid is required for the synthesis for Heme?

Back 62

Glycine and succinl CoA

2 of each to make one pyrrole ring, thus 8 are needed of each to make a tetrapyrrole.