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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Examples of modified amino acids |
Phosphoserine Hydroxyproline Hydroxylysine Carboxyglutamic acid |
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Eight essential amino acids for humans |
Tryptophan Methionine Valine Threonine Phenylalanine Leucine Isoleucine Lysine |
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Describe primary protein sequence |
Sequence of amino acids |
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Describe secondary protein sequence |
Coils and folds resulting from H bond interactions between backbone |
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Describe tertiary protein structure |
Interactions between side chains Weak bonds - hydrogen Strong bonds - disulphide bridges |
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Describe quaternary protein structure |
Overall structure when 2 or more polypeptide chains interact |
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What do proteins become in the stomach? |
Polypeptides |
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What do polypeptides become in the small intestine |
Smaller polypeptides Amino acids |
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Where are short peptides and amino acids absorbed? |
Intestinal cells |
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Uses of protein in the human body per day? |
Consume - 100g Breakdown - 400g Resynthesize - 400g Excrete/catabolise -100g |
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What is the average protein lifespan? |
Extensive variation days to minutes Extracellular - rapid turnover Structural - more stable |
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What are the 2 stages of amino acids? |
1. The alpha amino group is removed and excreted 2. The C skeleton is broken down into metabolic intermediates
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What is transamination? |
The removal of alpha amino acid group. Produces glutamate Reversible Anergonic (no ATP) |
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What happens to the glutamate produced during transamination? |
Undergoes a process called oxidative deamination which produces ammonia |
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What happens to ammonia? |
Ureotelic organisms convert ammonia to urea Removal correlates with species and habitat |
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Ammonotelic - in regards to nitrogen excretion |
Require access to lots of H2O |
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Ureotelic - in regards to nitrogen excretion |
Less H2O needed as toxicity decreases |
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Uricotelic |
Uric acid is insoluble |
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Factors important to nitrogen excretion |
Energy Mode of reproduction Habitat Adaptation to environmental change |
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Where does the urea cycle occur? |
The liver |
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Three cycles in amino acid biosynthesis? |
Citric acid cycle Glycolysis Glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway |
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What family does alpha ketoglutarate produce? Examples |
Glutamate family Gln Pro Arg |
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What family does alpha ketoglutarate produce? Examples |
Glutamate family Gln Pro Arg |
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What family does oxaloacetate produce? Examples |
Aspartate family Asn Met Thr Lys |
