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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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alanine is second
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to glutamine in the ciruclating amino acid competition
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function of alanine-glucose t
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to transfer nitrogen from peripheral tissues to liver
alanine in peripheral produces pyruvate: carbon skeleton is recycles ammonia: eliminated via urea cycle |
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Alanine Glucose I
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in the muscle, glucose goes through glycolysis to produce to 2 pyruvate, making ATP for energy
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Alanine Glucose II
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2 pyruvate goes to 2 Lactate via lactate dehydrogenase producing NAD+
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Alanine Glucose III
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as pyruvate levels increase, alanine levels increase proportionately via ALT
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ALT reactions
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type of aminotransferase reaction
uses glutamate as amino acid donor alanine aminotransferase Pyruvate-->Alanine coupled with alpha KG --> Glutamate |
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formation of alanine ways
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1) alanine aminotransferase
2) protein degradation |
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Alanine Glucose IV
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alanine is transported to the liver using the blood
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Alanine Glucose V
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liver reverses the ALT process
Alanine-->Pyruvate--> Glucose pyruvate undergoes gluconeogenisis to prouduce energy |
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alanine glucose VI
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side product is the production of urea which is elminated via the urea cycle
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catabolism of alanine
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ALT
reverse process produces pyruvate happens in the liver aminotransferase reaction pyruvate is recycled (gluconeogenic) |
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when is pyruvate gluconeogenic
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the catabolism of pyruvate produces Co2 and water via the TCA cycle using pyruvate dehydrogenase: happens when the energy charge is low
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making of aspartate
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aspariginase
occurs in the urea cycle cytosolic reaction asparagine --> aspartate uses the hydrolysis of H20 --> NH4 |
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AST
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aspartate goes to oxaloacetate
with the coupling of alphaketoglutarate to glutamate (PLP) second transamination reaction |
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common transamination reactions
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1) AST - aspartate to oxaloacetate
2) ALT - alanine to pyruvate both use the coupling of alpha ketoglutarate to glutamate |
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PLP
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pyridoxal phosphate
alpha keto to l glutamate requires vitamin B6 cofactor for all aminotransferases |
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vitamin B6
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cofactor for all aminotransferases
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two ways to produces glutamate
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alpha ketoglutarate to glutamate
1) PLP 2) GDH |
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GDH
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L glutamate---> alpha ketoglutarate
H20 --> NH4 NADP --> NADPH or NAD--> NADH occurs in liver/kidney |
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regulation of GDH
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positive: ADP, GDP
negative: ATP, GTP high energy charge |
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making glutamine
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L glutamate goes to L glutamine
via glutamine synthetase using addition of ammonia to carboxyl group and ATP ATPammonia-->ADPphosphate |
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catabolism of glutamine
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via glutaminase
glutamine--> glutamate + NH3 hydrolysis of amide group produces NH3+ which is sent to the kidney tubule to be excreted into the urine |
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what happens to the ammonia produced by GDH
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diffuses into the lumen of collecting tubules as NH3
NH3 combines with protons to produce ammonium chloride which acidifies urine |
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indicator of tissue damage
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AST and ALT in blood
AST: cardiac tissue ALT: in liver |
