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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Alpha Keto Glutarate
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• Glutamate
• Glutamine • Arginine • Proline • Lysine (but only seen in a few organisms) |
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Aspartate
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• Aspartate
• Asparagine • Threonine • Lysine • Isoleucine • Methionine |
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3 phosphoglycerate
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• Serine
• Glycine • Cysteine |
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PEP & E4P
Phosphoenolpyruvate and Erythose-4-P |
• Tyrosine
• Phenylalanine • Tryptophan • ALL ARE AROMATIC |
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Pyruvate
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alanine
valine leucine |
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PRPP
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Histidine
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To make glutamate
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Alpha keto + NH4 --NADPH--> GLutamate and water is released
Enzyme is glutamate dehydrogenase |
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Is making glutamate reversible?
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Yes
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To make glutamate
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Alpha keto + NH4 --NADPH--> GLutamate and water is released
Enzyme is glutamate dehydrogenase |
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What enzyme to make glutamine?
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Glutamine synthetase
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Is making glutamate reversible?
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Yes
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How to make glutamine
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Glutamate + NH4 + ATP --Mg--> ADP + Glutamine
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What is the problem with glutamate dehydrogenase/glutamine synthetase?
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Glutamate dehydrogenase needs a lot of NH4 to work, which doesnt allow for glutamine to be made quickly.
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What enzyme to make glutamine?
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Glutamine synthetase
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How to make glutamine
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Glutamate + NH4 + ATP --Mg--> ADP + Glutamine
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How to resolve GDG/GS problem?
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GOGAT
Glutamate synthase takes alpha keto and Gln to make 2 Glu |
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What is the problem with glutamate dehydrogenase/glutamine synthetase?
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Glutamate dehydrogenase needs a lot of NH4 to work, which doesnt allow for glutamine to be made quickly.
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Energy difference between regular Gln production and GOGAT produciton of Gln?
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2 ATP are used for GOGAT
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How to resolve GDG/GS problem?
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GOGAT
Glutamate synthase takes alpha keto and Gln to make 2 Glu |
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What are the ways Glutamine Synthetase are regulated?
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Allosteric feedback-glycine, alanine, serine, histidine, tryptophan, CTP, AMP, carbamoyl-phosphate, and glucosamine-6-P
Covalent modification - adenylate Tyr397 makes less reactive Gene expression - regulate transcription of gene to produce glutamine sythetase |
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How to utilize NH4 with Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I?
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Urea Cycle
NH4+ HCO3+ 2ATP --> carbamoyl phosphate + 2ADP |
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Energy difference between regular Gln production and GOGAT produciton of Gln?
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2 ATP are used for GOGAT
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How to utilize NH4 with Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase I?
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Urea Cycle
NH4+ HCO3+ 2ATP --> carbamoyl phosphate + 2ADP |
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How does Adenylyl Transferase work?
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PII A - Adenylates Tyr 397 which limits glutamine synthetase from functioning
PII D - deadenylates Tyr 397 which promotes function of glutamine synthetase |
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What are the ways Glutamine Synthetase are regulated?
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Allosteric feedback-glycine, alanine, serine, histidine, tryptophan, CTP, AMP, carbamoyl-phosphate, and glucosamine-6-P
Covalent modification - adenylate Tyr397 makes less reactive Gene expression - regulate transcription of gene to produce glutamine sythetase |
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How does Adenylyl Transferase work?
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PII A - Adenylates Tyr 397 which limits glutamine synthetase from functioning
PII D - deadenylates Tyr 397 which promotes function of glutamine synthetase |
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How is PII regulated?
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glutamine will produce more PII A
alpha ketos will produce more pII D |
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How is PII regulated?
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glutamine will produce more PII A
alpha ketos will produce more pII D |
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Regulating gene expression for synthesis of glutamine synthetase
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Enhancer NR1
if NR1 is phosphorylated-->more GS if NR1 isnt phosporylated-->less GS synthesized NR2 regulates phosphorylation of NR1 Lots of PII A makes NR2 dephosphorylate NR1 and inactivates it |
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Regulating gene expression for synthesis of glutamine synthetase
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Enhancer NR1
if NR1 is phosphorylated-->more GS if NR1 isnt phosporylated-->less GS synthesized NR2 regulates phosphorylation of NR1 Lots of PII A makes NR2 dephosphorylate NR1 and inactivates it |
