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48 Cards in this Set
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Handsome Lake:
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American Indian religious leader, belonging to the Iroquois people, who preached a combination of Christianity and indigenous traditions. Handsome Lake became a typical victim of the arrival of white settlers. 1735-1815. Where, Southern Canada, northern New York. Fought in F negotiations with America.
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Tenskwatawa:
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1775-1834 a Native American religious and political leader of the Shawnee tribe, known as the Prophet. He moved his villages to present day Indiana, near the town of Battleground. He had several visions, many induced by whiskey, and thought the white Americans to be children of the Great Serpernt, the source of evil in the world.
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Federalist No. 10
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is an essay written by James Madison and the the Federalist Papers, a series arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution. It is the most famous and highly regarded of all American political writings. It addresses the question of how to guard against “factions,” groups of citizens with interests contrary to the rights of others or the interests of the whole community. “Special Interest” carries the same meaning, today. Published November 22, 1787. ***Constitution written but not yet adopted at the time, talks about how the large republic is better than a smaller one. It’s important so no one faction becomes too big and squashes the rest. Majority over minority, and fights tyranny of the majority.
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Hamilton’s Report on Manufactures
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is the third report written by Alexander Hamilton to Congress on Dec. 5, 1791 recommending economic policies to stimulate the new republic’s economy and ensure its independence won in 1783 with the completion of the Revolutionary War. It laid forth economic principals from the system of Queen Elizabeth I’s of England and Jean-Baptiste of France. Hamiliton’s ideas formed the basis for the American School of economics.
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Whiskey Rebellion
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was a popular uprising that had its beginnings in 1791 and culminated in an insurrection in 1794 in the locality of Washigton, Pennsylvania, in the Monongahela Valley. It was the result of tax imposed on whikey. It occurred shortly after the Articles of Confederation had been replaced by a stronger federal government under the American Constitution in 1789. Hamilton was the one who wanted the tax imposed to advance and secure the power of the new federal government.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the United States Congress, who were waging an undeclared naval war with France, later known as Quasi-War and signed into law by President John Adams. Proponents claimed the acts were designed to protect the US from alien citizens of enemy powers and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government.
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolves
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important political statements in favor of state’s rights written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798. They were passed by the two states in opposition to the federal Alien and Sedition Acts. They were actually two separate documents, Jefferson and Madison collaborated however on the writing of the two documents, but their authorship was not known for many years. The Resolutions attack the Sedition Acts, which extended the powers of the federal government; they declared that the Constitution was a “compact, “ an agreement among the states. The fed. Government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it; should the fed. Government assume such powers, its acts would be void.
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Revolution of 1800
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was when Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Decomcratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party. The election exposed the flaw however, that the electoral college could only for President, each elector could vote for two candidates and the Vice President was the person who received the second largest number of votes during the election.
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Louisiana Purchase
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by the US of French Territory in 1803. The cost was 60 million francs plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs. The purchase encompassed 15 current US states2 canadian provinces. It was a vital moment in the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. He made the purchase because he felt uneasy about France and Spain having the power to block American trade access to the port of New Orleans, controlling the Mississippi River. Jefferson made the purchase by sending Livingston to Paris in 1801.
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Embargo Act
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a series of laws passed by US congress between 1806-1808 during the second term of President Thomas Jefferson. It was brought upon because of Britain attacking US ships and partly by Britain prohibiting its trading partners from trading with France. Britain and France were at war, and the US was neutral trading with both sides although each tried to hinder American trade with the other. Jefferson wanted to use economic war fare instead of military warfare to secure the rights of Americans.
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Erie Canal
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Proposed in 1808 and completed in 1825, the canal links Lake Erie in the west to the Hudson River in the east. It was the first transportation between the eastern seaboard(NYC) and the western interior (Great Lakes) of the US fastern than carts pulled by draft animals, and cut transport costs by about 95%. The canal fostered a population surge in western NY state, opened regions further west to settlement, and was a prime factor in the rise of NYC as the chief port. Jesse Hawley was the advocate who finally got the canal built.
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Francis Cabot Lowell
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born in 1775-1817, wanted to raise capital for their mills, Lowell and partners pioneered a basic tool of modern corporate finance by selling $1000 shares of stock to the public. This form of shareholder corporation quickly became the method of choice for structuring new American businesses, and endures to this day in the well-known form of public stock offerings.
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Second Great Awakening
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the second great religious revival in US history and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival meetings. The first one was called the Great Awakening. Major leaders included Charles Grandison Finney, Lyman Beecher, etc. It also encouraged an eager evangelical attitude that later reappeared in American life in causes dealing with prison reform and temperance.
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Lyman Beecher
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1825 War on Alcohol. Pastor and temperance movement leader, and the father to many noted leaders, and a leader of the second great awakening of the US.
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William Lloyd Garrison
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--, a prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, the Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti Slavery Society. He promoted “immediate emancipation” of slaves in the US. He made a name for himself as one of the most articulate as well as, most radical opponents of slavery. He stressed nonviolence and passive resistance to emancipation.
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Sarah and Angelina Grimké
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were 19th century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women’s rights. Sarah 1792-1873 and Angelina 1805-1879. Born in Charleston, traveled through the North lecturing about their first hand experiences with slavery on their family’s plantation. Among the first women to act publicly in social reform movements, they received abuse and ridicule for their abolitionist activity. They realized that women would have to create a safe space in the public arena to be effective reformers, and became early activists in the women’s rights movement.
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Seneca Falls
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Seneca NY, the first women’s rights convention held in the US. Prominent at the 1848 convention were leading reformers, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. These reformers active in the antislavery movement eventually used the language and structure of the US Declaration of Independence to state their claim to the rights they felt women were entitled to as American citizens in the Declaration of Sentiments.
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Election of 1828
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featured a rematch between incumbent President John Quincy Adams and chief rival Andrew Jackson. Unlike the 1824 election, no other major candidates appeared in the race, allowing Jackson to consolidate a power base and easily win an electoral victory over Adams. The Democratic party drew support from the existing supporters of Jackson and their coalition with the “old republicans” and Vice President John Calhoun and his supporters.
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Five Civilized Tribes
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[Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek and Seminole], considered civilized by white settlers because they adopted many of the colonists’ customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors. They Cherokee and Choctaw were successful at integrating European American Culture. They lived in Southeastern (Georgia) US before their relocation to other parts of the country. The tribes were relocated from their homes east of the Mississippi River during the series of removals authorized by federal legislation. The Supreme Court ruled that it was unjust and was on the side of the Native Americans…
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Trail of Tears
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was the forced relocation and movement of native Americans from their homelands to Indian territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States. The phrase originates from a description of the removal of the Choctaw Nation in 1831. Many suffered from exposure, disease, and starvation, while en route to their destinations and many died.
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Black Hawk War
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fought in 1832 in the Midwestern United States. It was named for Black Hawk, a war chief of the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo Native Americans, whose Brisitsh Band fought against the US army and militia from Illinois and the Michigan Territory for possession of lands in the area.
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Irish Potato Famine
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, a period of starvation, disease and mass emigration between 1845 and 1852 during which the population of Ireland reduced by 20 to 25 %. The cause of famine was believed to be a potato disease commonly known as late blight. The country was entirely dependent on the potato for food causing Ireland to be devastated politically, socially and economically.
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Fourty Eighters
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Europeans who supported the revolutions of 1848. It was significant because all these settlers were coming over after an unsuccessful revolution because they were looking for prosperity, and democratic reform that guaranteed human rights. It affected the U.S. because people didn’t think of them as natives, and they are considered radicals-Irish don’t like them. Most of the Germans respected, wealthy and well educated, where as the Irish were fleeing the potato famine, and had no money. Once in the US the 48ers opposed nativism and slavery and kept liberal ideals that led them to flee Germany.
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Know Nothing Party
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a Native American political movement in the 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the county was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants, often regarded as hostile to US values and controlled by the Pope in Rome. It strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success. There were few prominent leaders and it was largely middle class and entirely protestant membership, fragmented over the issue of slavery.
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Cotton Gin
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a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seedpods and the sometimes sticky seeds, a job previously done by hand (by slaves). These seeds can be used again to grow more cotton or if badly damaged are disposed of. The term gin is an abrev for engine, machine. This method with much earlier versions can be traced as far back as the first century CE. The modern cotton gin was created by Eli Whitney in 1793, and patented in 1794.
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Haitian Revolution
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(1791-1804), was the most successful of African slave rebellions in the West Hemisphere. It established Haiti as a free republic ruled by blacks, the first of it’s kind. Haiti was known as Santo Domingo at the time and was a colony of France. It allowed African ancestors to free themselves from French colonization and from slavery.
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George Fitzshugh
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1806-1881 a social theorist who published racial and slavery based sociological theories. He argued that the Negro is like a grown up child who needs economic and social protections of slavery. He contended that slavery ensured that blacks would be economically secure and morally civilized. He was a leading proslavery intellectual and spoke for many southern plantation owners
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Harriet Tubman
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1820-1913 an African American abolitionist, humanitarian and Union spy during the US civil War. She escaped from Philadelphia and then returned to Maryland to rescue her family. After escaping captivity she made 13 missions to rescue over 70 slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. She also struggled for women’s suffrage. She was a devote Christian and had vivid dreams and premonitions of God.
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David Walker
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1829 published his appeal, with the objective to arouse slaves of the south into rebelling against their master. His audience was enslaved men and women of the south, to instill pride and hope in them, horrifying the whites.
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Nat Turner
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1800-1831, an American slave who started the largest slave rebellion in the antebellum southern US in Virginia. His methodical slaughter of white civilians during the uprising makes his legacy controversial and would lead to his ultimate conviction and death sentence.
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Gag Rule
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the gagging of anti slavery positions by congress occurred from 1835 to 1844. Petitions has been submitted for the abolition of slavery, believing that since there was a right to petition the government as guaranteed by the first amendment in the constitution, such petitions and thus slavery would have to be discussed.
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Compromise of 1850
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*, a series of bills aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War. There were five laws, which balanced the interests of the slave states of the South and the free states to the north
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Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854
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created territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands, but repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries, The initial purpose was to create opportunities for a Mideastern Transcontinental Railroad. Not a problem until popular sovereignty was written into the proposal, act designed by Steven Douglas of Illionis. It would allow settlers to decided whether to allow slavery.
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John Brown
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1800-1859 American Abolitionist who advocated and practice armed insurrection (rebellion) as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 Kansas and the unsuccessful raid at Harper’s Ferry in 1859. He demanded violent action in response to Southern aggression.
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*Bleeding Sumner
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a series violent events, involving free-staters (antislavery) and proslavery elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858. These were attempts to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state.
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Dred Scott
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a slave in the US who sued unsuccessfully for his freedom in the famous Dred Scott v Sandford case in 1857. His case was based on the fact that he and his wife Harriet were slaves, but had lived in states and territories where slavery was illegal, including Illinois and Minnesota. The US Supreme Court ruled seven to two against him, finding that no one of African American ancestry could claim citizenship in the US and that Scott could therefore not bring suit in federal court
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Election of 1860
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set stage for the Civil war. The nation had been divided throughout most of the 1850s on questions of state’s rights and slavery in the territories. And in 1860 this issue finally came to a head, fraturing the formally dominant Democratic Party into Southern and Northern factions and bringing Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party to power without the support of a single southern state. This followed suit with the immediate results of Lincoln’s victory being declaration of succession by South Carolina and other states which were rejected as illegal by the current President.
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Anaconda Plan
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is the name widely applied to an outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the American Civil War. Proposed by General in chief Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized the blockade of the Southern ports, and called for an advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South in two. It was the first military strategy offered to President Lincoln for crushing rebellion of Southern States. 1861 Scott briefed the president daily, often in prison, on the nation military situation, the results of these briefings were used by Scott to work out Union military claims. Scott’s plan was a strong thrust down the Mississippi with 60,000 troops with gunboats, an effective blockade that would seal the south.
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Bull Run
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the first major land battle of the Civil War, fought on July 21, 1861 near Manassas, Virginia. Unseasoned Union army advanced across Bull Run against equally unseasoned Confederate Army, and despite the Union’s early successes they were routed and forced to retreat back to Washington DC. General McDowell was appointed by President Lincoln to command the Army of Northeastern Virginia.
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*Shiloh
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the Battle of Shiloh was a major battle in the Western Theater of the Civil War, fought on April 6 & 7 1862 in SW Tennessee. Confederate forces launched a surprise attack against the union army and came very close to defeating General Ulysses’ army.
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Sullivan Ballou
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a lawyer, politician and major in the US army. He is remember for his eloquent letter he wrote to his wife a week before he and his Rhode Island militia fought in the First Battle of Bull Run. He was elected to the Rhode Island House of Representatives; he was a staunch Republican and a firm supporter of Lincoln. He and 93 of his men were mortally wounded at Bull Run. His leg was torn off by artillery and would die shortly after from his wound. His body was then dug up and decapitated and desecrated by the Confederate soldiers, never to be recovered.
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Emancipation Proclamation
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consists of two executive orders issued by President Lincoln during the Civil War. The first issue in 1862 declared the freedom of ass slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by Jan. 1 1863. The second order, issued 1/1/1863 named the specific states where it applied. It did not free any slaves of the border-states or any southern state. It first directly affected only those slaves who had already escaped to the Union side. After the war, abolitionists were concern that since the proclamation was a war measure it had not permanently ended slavery. Several former slaves states passed legislation prohibiting slavery; however some slavery continued to exsist until the institution was ended by the sufficient states’ ratification of the 13th amendment on December 18, 1865.
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The Gettysburg Address
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a speech by President Lincoln. It was delivered at the dedication of the Soldiers’ Nation Cemetery in Gettysburg, Penn. on the afternoon of Nov. 19, 1863 during the American Civil War, four and a half months after the union armies defeated those of the confederacy at the decisive Battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln invoked the principals of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and redefined the Civil War as a struggle not merely for the Union but as a new birth of freedom that would bring true equality to all of its citizens, and create a unified nation in which states rights were no longer dominant.
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Sherman’s March to the Sea
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Savannah Campaign, conducted in late 1864 by General William Sherman of the Union Army during the Civil War. The campaign began with Sherman’s troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta Georgia on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 22.
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Black Codes
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laws passed on the state and local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the United States to limit the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. The term black codes is most commonly associated with legislation passed by Southern states after the Civil War in an attempt to control the labor, movements and activities of African Americans. There were signs posted in towns to keep blacks from integrating with the whites. These codes developed over the span of half a century or more.
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Fourteenth Amendment
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post-civil war reconstruction amendments, first intended to secure the rights of former slaves, ratified July 9, 1868. It provides a broad definition of citizenship, overruling the Dred Scott v Sandford case which had excluded slaves and their descendents from possessing constitutional rights. It requires states to provide equal protection under the law to all persons within the jurisdictions and was used to dismantle racial segregation in the US.
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Ku Klux Klan
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originated in the southern states, best known for advocating white supremacy and acting as terrorists while hidden behind hats masks and white robes. They have a record of terrorism violence and lynching to intimidate, murder and oppress African Americans, Jews and other minorities and also to intimidate Roman Catholics and labor unions. First founded in 1865 by veterans of the Confederate army, serving the purpose to restore white supremacy after the Civil War.
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Compromise of 1877
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an informal unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 presidential election. Republican Rutherford Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments. The compromise essentially stated that Southern Democrats would acknowledge Hayes as President, but only if the Republicans acceded to various demands.
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